Content Archives – The Basics
There is a lot of data in the Archives. To make things easier to consume, a variety of views have been created which emphasise different uses of the archives.
The Basics lets you run a quick search over Articles, Videos and Journals in the Archives to find content related to things you’re interested in. Our recommendation – chuck something in the searchbar in the top right of the Archives and see what you can find!
| Any Tactics? | Timestamp | Link | Title | Notes | Tagged By | Keep going? | Research | Position | Produce | Publish | Amplify | Calibrate | Impact | Persona | Strategy | Type of Content | Source | Narrative Context | Type of Inauthentic Content Assessed | Produced Content Classification | Dissemination Platform | Amplification Method | Geography | Article Publish Date | Article Author | Aggressor | Disinformation Cycle Stage | Tactic Profile Tag | Decide to Act | Core Fields Populated? | Content Type is Tweets? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | How anti-vaxxers get around Instagram’s new hashtag controls | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Anti-Vaccine | Hashtag Hijacking, Obfuscated Post Content | 2020-06-12 | Isobel Cockerell, Sofiya Voznaya | Calibrate: Attack, Calibrate: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | As wildfires rage, false antifa rumors spur pleas from police | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | 2020 California Wildfires, Antifa, QAnon, Black Lives Matter, Proud Boys | Article, Text Post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Facebook Groups, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-11 | Brandy Zadrozny, Ben Collins | Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack, Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Reporting for Duty: How A Network of Pakistan-Based Accounts Leveraged Mass Reporting to Silence Critics | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Stanford University | Human Rights Activists, Islam, Pakistan, Marketing, Anti-Semitism, Government, Military, Coronavirus | Inauthentic Reporting, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages, Hashtag, Image, Video, Meme | Facebook, Instagram, YouTube | Inauthentic Post Amplification, Brigading, Facebook Groups | Pakistan, India | 2020-09-01 | Shelby Grossman, Ross Ewald, Jennifer John, Asfandyar Mir, Kim Ngo, Natasha Patel, David Thiel | Pakistan | Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | How conspiracy theories surged after the Beirut explosion | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | 2020 Beirut Explosion | Text post, Video | Misleading Content | Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter, WhatsApp | Government Figure, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-08-06 | Emily Lewis | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Facebook Removes Troll Farm Pretending to Be African-Americans in Support of Trump | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, 2020 US Election, QAnon, Trump | Comments / Replies, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages, Meme, Text post | Facebook, Instagram | Inauthentic Social Media Account | United States of America | 2020-08-06 | Ben Collins, Kevin Collier | Amplify: Attack, Calibrate: Defend, Position: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Google queries in Africa reveal how coronavirus disinformation is evolving | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Coronavirus | 2020-08-05 | Rachel Sherman | Amplify: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | More celebrities join the growing conspiracy theory movement | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Anti-Vaccine, Anti-Semitism, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, QAnon | Text post, Video | Instagram, Twitter | 2020-07-29 | Isobel Cockerell | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | How K-pop information warfare outmaneuvered the far right | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Hashtag Hijacking | 2020-07-24 | Chaewon Chung, Isobel Cockerell, Rachel Sherman | K-pop fans | Amplify: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Duterte’s troll armies drown out Covid-19 dissent in the Philippines | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Comments / Replies, Hashtag, Imposter Social Media Accounts, Text post | Facebook, Twitter | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | Phillipines | 2020-07-21 | Lynzy Billing, Sofiya Voznaya | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | The Conspiracy Singularity Has Arrived | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, George Floyd Killing, Government, QAnon | 2020-07-17 | Anna Merlan | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | In Kazakhstan, coronavirus conspiracies are the latest celebrity craze | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Misleading Statistics, Text post | Misleading Content | Government Website, Instagram, Telegram, WhatsApp | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | Khazakhstan | 2020-07-17 | Katiya Patin | Amplify: Attack, Calibrate: Defend, Publish: Attack, Research: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Doctor by day, anti-disinfo warrior by night: fighting Yemen’s Covid-19 crisis | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Article, Inauthentic Fake News Accusation, Misleading Statistics, Oral Statement | False Context | Facebook, Government Figure, State Media | Yemen | 2020-07-10 | Casey Coombs | Position: Defend, Produce: Defend, Research: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Tensions skyrocket in Serbia as the president casts street protestors as violent conspiracists | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Anti-Government Protests, Government | Inauthentic Fake News Accusation | Government Figure, Mainstream Media Reporting | Government Figure, Mainstream Media | Serbia | 2020-07-09 | Katiya Patin | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Right-Wing Media Outlets Duped by a Middle East Propaganda Campaign | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Daily Beast | Middle East, State funded media | Text post | Imposter Content | Alternative Media, LinkedIn, Twitter | Inauthentic News Site, Inauthentic Persona, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Public Figure / Celebrity | Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Quatar, Turkey, United Arab Emirates | 2020-07-07 | Adam Rawnsley | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | South Korean police don’t use purple dye cannons on protesters | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests | Image, Text post | Fabricated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-06-26 | Rachael Krishna | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Facebook post about Italy, coronavirus and 5G is almost all false | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Article, Text post | Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Facebook, Personal Website | Please Share Call to Action | 2020-06-26 | Grace Rahman | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Alcohol-based hand sanitiser cannot catch fire, without a spark, just because it's in a hot car | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Text post | Misleading Content | Facebook, Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2020-06-24 | Rachael Krishna | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Footballers aren’t banned from wearing the poppy | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Political Correctness | Screenshot, Text post | False Context | Please Share Call to Action | United Kingdom | 2020-06-24 | Abbas Panjwani | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Coronavirus: How a false rumour led to hate online | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Inauthentic Documents, Inauthentic Website, Text post, Video | Imposter Content, Misleading Content | Facebook, Inauthentic Website, Twitter, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-19 | Jack Goodman | Jordan Sather | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Sioux Falls Chamber apologizes for saying protest buses came to city from Fargo | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | INFORUM | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests | Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-07 | Barry Amundson | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Antifa, George Floyd Killing | Hashtag, Manipulated Image, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Compromised Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text Message, Twitter | Bot Account, Compromised Social Media Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-06-02 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny, Emmanuelle Saliba | Identity Evropa | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | George Floyd’s ‘Fake’ Death | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | George Floyd Killing | Text post, Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-01 | Davey Alba | JonXArmy, QAnon | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | The George Soros Conspiracy | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, George Floyd Killing, George Soros | Text post, Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Government Figure | 2020-06-01 | Davey Alba | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Misinformation About George Floyd Protests Surges on Social Media | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Antifa | Inauthentic Documents, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-01 | Davey Alba | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Like a virus; The coordinated spread of coronavirus disinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Centre for Responsible Technology, The Australia Institute | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare, Marketing, QAnon | Article, Image, Manipulated Image, Meme, Text post | Bot Account, Compromised Social Media Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | Istanbul, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, United States of America | 2020-05-31 | Axel Bruns, Guangnan Zhu, Rod Campbell, Timothy Graham | Pro-Trump, QAnon, Republican | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | How coronavirus 'changes the game' for the anti-vaccination movement | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | ABC News | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Meme, Retweets/Likes, Text post, Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Instagram, Mainstream Media Reporting, TikTok, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Hashtag Hijacking, Public Figure / Celebrity | Australia | 2020-05-30 | Ariel Bogle, Michael Workman, Stephen Hutcheon | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Video | Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Facebook | Facebook Groups, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | 2020-05-29 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Amazing Cures, Brighteon, Content farm, GMO Dangers, Mike Adams, Natural News, NewsTarget, North Macedonia, Philippines, The Health Ranger | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Revealed: US-funded website spreading COVID misinformation in Armenia | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | openDemocracy | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Article | Fabricated Content | Alternative Media | Armenia | 2020-05-28 | Tatev Hovhannisyan | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Nature Research Journal | Anti-Vaccine | Facebook Groups | 2020-05-13 | Minzhang Zheng, Neil Johnson, Nicholas Gabriel, Nicholas Johnson Restrepo, Nicolas Velásquez, Pedro Manrique, Rhys Leahy, Sara El Oud, Stefan Wuchty, Yonatan Lupu | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Viral Facebook post is wrong on deaths in first three months of 2020 | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Screenshot, Text post | Manipulated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-05-12 | Leo Benedictus | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Two police forces did not use the same photo to illustrate two different lockdown crimes | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Emergency Services | Image, Manipulated Image, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | United Kingdom | 2020-05-11 | Rachael Krishna | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | A scientific review did not conclude that there are no cases of children transmitting the new coronavirus | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Article | False Connection | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Kate Lewis | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Health Secretary uses Facebook poll to estimate coronavirus tracking app take-up | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Article, Oral Statement | Misleading Content | Government Website, Oral Statement | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Abbas Panjwani | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | The Control of Diseases Act was not changed in April to say you can be forcibly vaccinated | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus | Text post, Video | False Connection | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Grace Rahman | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | This post about Covid-19 and blood clotting conditions contains inaccuracies | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Text post | Misleading Content | Facebook, Twitter | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Kate Lewis | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | There’s no evidence immigrants caused a PPE shipment to be destroyed at Dover | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Immigration | Image, Text post | Fabricated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-05-05 | Joseph O'Leary | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | It's incorrect to say flu vaccines don't work | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Text post | Misleading Content | 2020-05-05 | Kate Lewis | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | A Nobel Prize-winning immunologist has not said coronavirus is manmade, as claimed | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-04-30 | Abbas Panjwani | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | The Maytrix Group receives no money from Captain Tom’s fundraiser | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Charity | Image, Screenshot, Text post | False Context | United Kingdom | 2020-04-30 | Claire Milne | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Hungary’s new coronavirus legislation could have journalists jailed | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Disinformation | Hungary | 2020-04-30 | Matej Voda | Own Government | Calibrate: Attack, Position: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | An image of a dog vaccine for a different coronavirus has gone viral | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus | Image, Screenshot | False Connection | 2020-04-23 | Grace Rahman | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Uncovering Operation NEPTUN, the Cold War’s Most Daring Disinformation Campaign | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | WIRED | Cold War, Operation NEPTUN | Inauthentic Documents | False Context | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | Germany | 2020-04-15 | Thomas Rid | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | If you need the police but can’t talk, dial 999 from a mobile, then 55 when prompted and don’t hang up | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Emergency Services, Feminism | Text post | Manipulated Content | Government Figure, Legitimate Business / Charity Organisation, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2020-04-14 | Claire Milne, Grace Rahman | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Meet the celebrities pushing 5G coronavirus conspiracies to millions of fans | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | 5G, Coronavirus | Comments / Replies, Text post, Video | False Context | Instagram, Twitter | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-04-14 | Ashley Jung, Isobel Cockerell | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | This viral voice message about ambulances shared on WhatsApp is inaccurate | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Voice Message | Fabricated Content | Text Message, WhatsApp | United Kingdom | 2020-04-08 | Claire Milne | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Blocking information on COVID-19 can fuel the spread of misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Nature Research Journal | Coronavirus | Fabricated Content | Twitter, Government Figure | Inauthentic Social Media Account | United States of America, Iran, Russia | 2020-03-30 | Heidi Larson | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Disinformation about Qatar surges in wake of COVID-19 | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Hashtag | Bot Account | Quatar | 2020-03-23 | Burhanw Wazir | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | With help from American activists, Ukrainian women are being misled about abortion | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | openDemocracy | Abortion | Inauthentic Website | Imposter Content | Inauthentic Website | Ukraine | 2020-03-18 | Tetiana Kozak | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | False coronavirus rumors surge in 'hidden viral' text messages | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Text post | Fabricated Content | Text Message, WhatsApp | Please Share Call to Action | United States of America | 2020-03-16 | Ben Collins | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Inside Italian public hospitals, I saw how a US-linked anti-abortion network is ‘humiliating’ women | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | openDemocracy | Abortion | Inauthentic Advertisement | Misleading Content | Inauthentic Advertisement, Poster | Italy | 2020-03-09 | Francesca Visser | Heartbeat International, Movimento per la Vita | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | This little girl has not vanished from your local area- | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Missing Persons | Inauthentic Website, Text post | Fabricated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-03-02 | Rachael Krishna | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | How fake videos unravelled Pakistan’s war on polio | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | First Draft | Anti-Vaccine, Government, Healthcare | Video | False Context | Facebook, Twitter | Government Figure | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Peshawar | 2020-02-20 | Lydia Morrish | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | First Draft case study: Exploring the controversy around Dengvaxia and vaccine misinformation in the Philippines | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | First Draft | Anti-Vaccine, Government, Healthcare | Image, Meme, Screenshot, Text post, Video | Fabricated Content, False Connection, Misleading Content | Alternative Media, Facebook, Instagram, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Facebook Groups, Mainstream Media | Phillipines | 2020-02-20 | Jacquelyn Mason, Rory Smith | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Revealed: US-linked anti-abortion centres ‘lie’ and ‘scare women’ across Latin America | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | openDemocracy | Abortion | Inauthentic Website | Imposter Content | Inauthentic Website | Latin America, Mexico | 2020-02-12 | Isabella Cota | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Exclusive: Trump-linked religious ‘extremists’ target women with disinformation worldwide | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | openDemocracy | Abortion | Article, Inauthentic Website | Fabricated Content, Imposter Content | In-person, Inauthentic Services, Inauthentic Website | Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, Latin America, Mexico, Spain, Uganda | 2020-02-10 | Claire Provost, Nandini Archer | Heartbeat International, Human Life International | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Facebook says a pro-Trump media outlet used artificial intelligence to create fake people and push conspiracies | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | Trump | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages | Inauthentic Social Media Account, Online Advertisements, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2019-12-20 | Ben Collins | Epoch Times | Calibrate: Defend, Position: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | THE WAR ON PINEAPPLE: Understanding Foreign Interference in 5 Steps | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Infographic | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Bot Account, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2019-07-01 | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend, Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack, Publish: Defend, Research: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | It’s not true that dialling 55 in a silent 999 call lets the police track your location | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Full Fact | Emergency Services | Image | Manipulated Content | Please Share Call to Action | United Kingdom | 2019-01-23 | Grace Rahman | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | OF VIRALITY AND VIRUSES: THE ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT AND SOCIAL MEDIA | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Nautilus Institite | Anti-Vaccine, September 11 Attacks, Personal Attack | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, Google Search | Online Advertisements, Cross Platform Sharing, Hashtag Hijacking, Public Figure / Celebrity, Mainstream Media, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Brigading, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Bot Account | United States of America | 2018-11-08 | Renée Diresta | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | SOCIAL MEDIA BOTS OVERVIEW | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Infographic | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Bot Account | 2018-05-01 | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend, Publish: Attack, Publish: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Why we need to understand misinformation through visuals | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | First Draft | Image | Fabricated Content | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2017-10-17 | Hannah Guy | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Has change really come? Misleading graphs and how to spot them | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Rappler | Government | Oral Statement, Text post | Misleading Content | Government Figure, Government Website, Oral Statement | Government Figure | Phillipines | 2017-08-05 | JC Punongbayan | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Ferial Haffajee: The Gupta Fake News Factory And Me | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | HUFFPOST | Feminism, Mainstream Media, Personal Attack | Image, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Manipulated Image, Meme, Text post | Fabricated Content, Satire or Parody | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | 2017-08-02 | Ferial Haffajee, Marc Davies | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Kenya election: Fake CNN and BBC news reports circulate | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Elections, Government | Video | Fabricated Content, Imposter Content | Twitter, WhatsApp | Kenya | 2017-07-29 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Did Emmanuel Macron open an offshore account ? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | CrossCheck, First Draft | Elections, Government | Inauthentic Documents, Inauthentic Website, Screenshot | Fabricated Content | *chan, Alternative Media, Forum Post, Government Figure, Mainstream Media Reporting | Government Figure, Mainstream Media | France | 2017-05-05 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Did London Muslims “celebrate” a terrorist attack on the Champs-Elysees? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | CrossCheck, First Draft | Text post, Video | Manipulated Content | Public Figure / Celebrity | France, United Kingdom | 2017-04-22 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | How Russia Is Using LinkedIn as a Tool of War Against Its U.S. Enemies | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Newsweek | Article, Comments / Replies, Meme | 2017-03-08 | Jeff Stein | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Was Macron’s campaign for the French presidency financed by Saudi Arabia? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | CrossCheck, First Draft | Elections, Government | Inauthentic Website, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Government Figure, Inauthentic Website, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media | France | 2017-03-02 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Meet the Macedonian Teens Who Mastered Fake News and Corrupted the US Election | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | WIRED | Clinton, Elections, Government, Healthcare, Trump | Article, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Website, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Website, Personal Website | Facebook Groups | United States of America | 2017-02-15 | Samanth Subramanian | Content farm, North Macedonia, Veles | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Trump Trolls Tell Hillary Clinton Supporters They Can Vote Via Text | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Forbes | Elections, Government | Image, Inauthentic Advertisement, Text post | Fabricated Content, Satire or Parody | Facebook, Twitter | Inauthentic Post Amplification | United States of America | 2016-11-03 | Fruzsina Eordogh | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | What was fake on the Internet this election: #DraftOurDaughters, Trump’s tax returns | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Washington Post | Clinton, Elections, Immigration, Trump | Article, Hashtag, Image, Manipulated Image, Text post | Fabricated Content, False Connection, Manipulated Content, Satire or Parody | Facebook, Twitter | Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | United States of America | 2016-10-31 | Abby Ohlheiser | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Former 'Kremlin Troll' Awarded $0.01 in Victory Over 'Propaganda Factory' | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | Government, Pro-Government | Comments / Replies | Mainstream Media Websites: Comments / Replies | Inauthentic Social Media Account | 2015-08-18 | Unattributed | Agency for Internet Studies, Russia | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Haunting 'Nepal quake victims' photo from Vietnam | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Disaster recovery, Nepal Earthquake | Image, Text post | False Context | Facebook, Twitter | 2015-05-04 | Nga Pham | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Comments / Replies, Inauthentic Documents, Inauthentic Website, Screenshot, Text post, Video | Imposter Content, Manipulated Content | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Facebook Groups | 2020-03-08 | Sheera Frenkel, Davey Alba, Raymond Zhong | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon: What is it and where did it come from? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Clinton, QAnon, Trump | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Reddit | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-08-20 | Mike Wendling | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Man pleads guilty to terrorism after Hoover Dam barricade | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | AP News | QAnon | 2020-02-12 | Ariz Kingman | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon conspiracy theory on James Comey shuts school festival | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | QAnon | Comments / Replies, Manipulated Image, Text post | Manipulated Content | 2019-05-10 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Eric Trump Promotes QAnon Conspiracy On Instagram While Plugging Tulsa Rally | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Forbes | QAnon | Image, Text post | Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-06-20 | Jack Brewster | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon: Twitter bans accounts linked to conspiracy theory | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | QAnon | 2020-07-22 | Unattributed | Calibrate: Defend, Position: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Here are the QAnon supporters running for Congress in 2020 | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | Elections, Government, QAnon | Comments / Replies, Hashtag, Image, Retweets/Likes, Text post, Video | Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-07-01 | Alex Kaplan | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | The definitive guide to Fox News' vaccine conspiracy theories | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Anti-Vaccine | Oral Statement, Video | Facebook, Mainstream Media Reporting, YouTube | Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-14 | Madeline Peltz | Fox News | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | A Sinclair interview of Trump's new COVID-19 adviser was full of misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus | Oral Statement, Video | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United States of America | 2020-09-15 | Zachary Pleat | Sinclair Broadcast Group | Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Trump amplified a bogus QAnon misinformation campaign against the CDC that is now flooding social media | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | Coronavirus, QAnon | Hashtag, Image, Meme, Misleading Statistics, Text post | False Context | Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter | Facebook Groups, Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-03 | Olivia Little, Alex Kaplan | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | How Sinclair Broadcast Group is spreading dangerous coronavirus misinformation to local television news audiences | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | Coronavirus | Oral Statement, Video | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-07-27 | Zachary Pleat | Sinclair Broadcast Group | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | News outlets give Trump the headlines he wants for vaporware drug executive order | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | 2020 US Election, Government, Healthcare, Trump | Article, Text post | False Connection, Fabricated Content | Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-14 | Matt Gertz | Amplify: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | A conspiracy theory about West Coast wildfires is flooding Facebook despite the site’s promises to remove misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | 2020 California Wildfires, Antifa, QAnon | Hashtag, Image, Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Screenshot, Text post | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Facebook Groups, Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2020-09-15 | Olivia Little, Alex Kaplan | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Facebook’s big QAnon crackdown might have come too late | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Verge | QAnon | Facebook, Twitter, Reddit | United States of America | 2020-06-20 | Casey Newton | Calibrate: Defend, Position: Attack, Position: Defend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | The Boogaloo movement has successfully hijacked social networks to spread | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Verge | Boogaloo Movement | Facebook Groups | 2020-06-25 | Casey Newton | Calibrate: Defend, Research: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | The Technology 202: Facebook struggles to keep violent 'boogaloo' content off its platform | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Washington Post | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Bill Gates, George Soros, Boogaloo Movement | Facebook Groups, Facebook Algorithm | 2020-06-24 | Tonya Riley, Cat Zakrzewski | Calibrate: Attack, Calibrate: Defend, Research: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | A woman inspired by QAnon conspiracy videos was arrested after live-streaming her trip to 'take out' Joe Biden | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | 2020 US Election, Clinton, Coronavirus, QAnon | United States of America | 2020-05-01 | Margot Harris | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | A QAnon conspiracy theory about Oprah Winfrey went so viral that it provoked her to respond, showing the scope of coronavirus misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | QAnon | Facebook, Twitter | Cross Platform Sharing, Coordinated user action, Twitter Algorithm | 2020-03-18 | Kat Tenbarge | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Alt-right conspiracy group Q'Anon won't stop believing in its Trump-related prophecies, even after they fail | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | Clinton, George Soros, QAnon | *chan, Alternative Media | Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2018-10-10 | Michael Barkun | Research: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | These influencers and celebrities are spreading debunked coronavirus hoaxes on their massive platforms | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | Coronavirus | Screenshot, Text post, Voice Message | Satire or Parody, Fabricated Content | Instagram, Twitter | Please Share Call to Action, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-03-17 | Kat Tenbarge | Amplify: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon conspiracy theorists are telling people to drink bleach as a cure against the deadly Wuhan coronavirus | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | Coronavirus, QAnon, Miracle Mineral Solution | Video | Personal Website, Twitter, YouTube | 2020-01-29 | Tom Porter | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Unlicensed medical 'cures' are flourishing in closed Facebook groups, where cancer treatments — and even surgery — are sold beyond the reach of the law | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | Healthcare, MMS | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Facebook, Personal Website, YouTube | Facebook Groups | 2019-10-18 | Tom Porter | Position: Attack, Publish: Attack | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | How conspiracy theorists who claim drinking 'MMS' bleach is a cure for autism reached millions of people on YouTube | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Business Insider | Anti-Vaccine, Disinformation, Healthcare, MMS | Video | Facebook, YouTube | Cross Platform Sharing, YouTube Algorithm | 2019-05-21 | Tom Porter | Amplify: Attack, Calibrate: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | British man arrested in Uganda after promoting 'MMS' bleach as a cure for HIV and malaria | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Business Insider | Healthcare, MMS | YouTube | Uganda | 2019-05-23 | Tom Porter | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | How three conspiracy theorists took 'Q' and sparked Qanon | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | Disinformation, QAnon | *chan, Facebook, Reddit, YouTube | Cross Platform Sharing | 2018-08-14 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Position: Attack | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | California Wildfire Suspect Posted About QAnon, Other Conspiracies | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | HUFFPOST | QAnon, 2018 California Wildfires | United States of America | 2018-10-08 | Sebastian Murdock | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Twitter is bringing its ‘read before you retweet’ prompt to all users | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Verge | 2020-09-25 | James Vincent | Amplify: Defend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | ‘Ghostwriter’ Influence Campaign: REPORT Unknown Actors Leverage Website Compromises and Fabricated Content to Push Narratives Aligned with Russian Security Interests | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | FireEye | Coronavirus, Military, Nato | Article, Inauthentic Documents, Manipulated Image, Screenshot | Imposter Content, Manipulated Content, Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Inauthentic Website, Compromised Website | Inauthentic Persona, Compromised Account, Inauthentic Account, Targeted Email | Latvia, Lithuania, Poland | 2020-07-29 | Unattributed | Ghostwriter | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| No | Vaccine Proponents Receive Death Threats. Again. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Forbes | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | United States of America | 2019-07-22 | Nina Shapiro | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Anti-Vaxxers Brought Their War to Minnesota—Then Came Measles | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | WIRED | Anti-Vaccine | United States of America | 2017-05-07 | Megan Molenti | Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Why Minnesota lost a battle against anti-vaccine campaigners | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vox | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | Oral Statement | In-person | United States of America | 2017-05-16 | Julia Belluz | Research: Aggressor, Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Anti-vaccine group sues Facebook, claims fact-checking is “censorship” | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Ars Technica | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | 2020-08-18 | Kate Cox | Calibrate: Aggressor, Amplify: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | A call to arms: helping family, friends and communities navigate the COVID-19 infodemic | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Nature Research Journal | Coronavirus, Healthcare | 2020-07-02 | Heidi Larson | Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Samoa Arrests Anti-Vaccination Activist As Measles Death Toll Rises | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NPR | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | Samoa | 2019-12-06 | Merrit Kennedy | Impact: Aggressor, Position: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Anti-vaccine groups take dangerous online harassment into the real world | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | Inauthentic Reviews | Fabricated Content | United States of America | 2019-12-06 | Brandy Zadrozny, Erika Edwards | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon Key Figure Revealed as Financial Information Security Analyst from New Jersey | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Logically | QAnon | *chan, Personal Website | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-09-10 | Unattributed | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Conspiracy Theorists Without Borders: How QAnon Mutated In Europe | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Logically | QAnon, Reichsbürgerbewegung | Meme, Music | Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | France, Germany, United States of America | 2020-09-24 | Kristina Gildejeva | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Disinformation’s spread: bots, trolls and all of us | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Nature Research Journal | 2019-07-24 | Kate Starbird | Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Twitter is testing how its misinformation labels can be more obvious, direct | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Reuters | 2020 US Election, Coronavirus | Twitter Algorithm | 2020-10-06 | Elizabeth Culliford | Amplify: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Buzzfeed News | Clinton, Trump, 2016 US Election | Article | Satire or Parody, Fabricated Content | Facebook Algorithm | 2016-11-16 | Craig Silverman | Burrard Street Journal, Conservative State, Ending the Fed | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | YouTube bans QAnon, other conspiracy content that targets individuals | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | QAnon | Video | YouTube | YouTube Algorithm | 2020-10-15 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Impact: Aggressor, Amplify: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | The Danger of Overstating the Impact of Information Operations | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Lawfare | 2020-10-23 | Yochai Benkler | Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | As Local News Dies, a Pay-for-Play Network Rises in Its Place | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | 2020 US Election, Elections, Government | Article | Alternative Media | United States of America | 2020-10-18 | Davey Alba, Jack Nicas | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Democrats Are Launching “News” Outlets to Turn Swing-State Voters Against Trump | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | 2020 US Election, Elections | Article, Inauthentic Reporting | Alternative Media | United States of America | 2019-07-24 | David Uberti | Position: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | How a fake persona laid the groundwork for a Hunter Biden conspiracy deluge | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | 2020 US Election | Inauthentic Documents | *chan, Alternative Media, Facebook, Personal Website, Reddit, Twitter | Inauthentic Persona, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-10-29 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | ‘#OperationBlockTheBus’: Inside the Pro-Trump FB Group Where Biden Bus Convoy Was Organized | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Snopes | 2020 US Election, QAnon | Facebook Groups | United States of America | 2020-11-02 | Unattributed | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Winston Churchill waged war on paper over 'fake news' photo caption | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Guardian | Disinformation, Government | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2020-08-09 | Jamie Doward | Produce: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Zoom lied to users about end-to-end encryption for years, FTC says | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Ars Technica | Corporate Inauthenticity | Article, Inauthentic Advertisement | Manipulated Content | Company Website | 2020-11-09 | Jon Brodkin | Publish: Aggressor, Publish: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Steve Bannon Caught Running a Network of Misinformation Pages on Facebook | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Gizmodo | 2020 US Election | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-10-11 | Whitney Kimball | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Position: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Microsoft: ‘please do not blow vape smoke into your Xbox Series X’ | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Verge | Products | Video | Manipulated Content | 2020-11-11 | Chaim Gartenberg | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | The different forms of COVID-19 misinformation and their consequences | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Harvard Kennedy School | Coronavirus | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-11-16 | Adam Enders, Casey Klofstad, Joseph Uscinski, Justin Stoler | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Amplify: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Delusional COVID Truthers Try to Invade Hospital Where This Mom Died Too Soon | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Daily Beast | Coronavirus | United States of America | 2020-11-18 | Michael Daly | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | A QAnon Mom Is Accused Of Killing A Man After She Believed He Was Keeping Her Children From Her | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Buzzfeed News | QAnon | United States of America | 2020-11-18 | Tasneem Nashrulla | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Plos One | Climate Crisis | 2017-05-05 | John Cook, Stephan Lewandowsky, Ullrich Ecker | Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | An AI tool can distinguish between a conspiracy theory and a true conspiracy | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Nieman Lab | Pizzagate | *chan, Reddit | 2020-11-16 | Timothy Tangherlini | Position: Defender, Produce: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | USING AI IN THE WAR AGAINST FAKE NEWS | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Audio / Podcast | Mike Walsh | Pizzagate | 2020-08-27 | Mike Walsh, Timothy Tangherlini | Produce: Defender, Publish: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Dissecting the #PizzaGate Conspiracy Theories | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | Pizzagate | *chan, Facebook, Reddit, Twitter, YouTube | 2016-12-10 | Cecilia Kang, Gregor Aisch, Jon Huang | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | The disinformation system that Trump unleashed will outlast him. Here’s what reality-based journalists must do about it. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Washington Post | 2020 US Election, Trump | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United States of America | 2020-11-22 | Margaret Sullivan | Publish: Defender, Amplify: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon's Dominion voter fraud conspiracy theory reaches the president | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | 2020 US Election, QAnon | Alternative Media, Twitter | 2020-11-13 | Ben Collins | Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | How Steve Bannon and a Chinese Billionaire Created a Right-Wing Coronavirus Media Sensation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | 2020 US Election, Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Article, Inauthentic Reporting, Video | Alternative Media, Facebook, Instagram, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter, YouTube, Parler, Podcast | Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Account, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-11-20 | Amy Qin, Danny Hakim, Vivian Wang | Research: Aggressor, Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Position: Defender, Publish: Defender, Amplify: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Designed to Deceive: Do These People Look Real to You? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Fabricated Content | Inauthentic Persona | 2020-11-21 | Jeremy White, Kashmir Hill | Position: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | How fake faces are being weaponized online | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | CNN | Human Rights Activists, Trump | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Inauthentic Account | 2020-02-20 | Donnie O'Sullivan | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Neither youth nor maturity makes you immune to misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | SunSentinel | 2020-11-20 | Carol McCarthy | Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Hundreds dead' because of Covid-19 misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Coronavirus, Miracle Mineral Solution | 2020-08-12 | Alistair Coleman | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Telegram Still Hasn’t Removed an AI Bot That’s Abusing Women | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | WIRED | Deepfake | Manipulated Content | Telegram | 2020-11-18 | Matt Burgess | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Publish: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | How a Terror Group Recruited Budding Neo-Nazis | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | White Supremacy | Telegram, iFunny | 2020-11-24 | Ben Makuch, Mack Lamoureux, Zachary Kamel | The Base | Research: Aggressor, Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Neo-Nazi Terror Groups Are Using iFunny to Recruit | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | White Supremacy | Meme, Video | iFunny, Telegram | 2019-11-14 | Mack Lamoureux, Zachary Kamel | Position: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Quick D: UFO on the Moon | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Video | Captain Disillusion | Video | Fabricated Content | 2020-01-03 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Hundreds dead' because of Covid-19 misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Coronavirus, Miracle Mineral Solution | 2020-08-12 | Alistair Coleman | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | 5G, Coronavirus, White Supremacy | Text post | Facebook, Government Figure, Twitter, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-05-27 | Marianna Spring | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | How I talk to the victims of conspiracy theories | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare, QAnon | 2020-11-01 | Marianna Spring | Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Quick D: Gyro Drop | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Video | Captain Disillusion | Video | Manipulated Content | Twitter, YouTube | 2019-10-04 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Mr. Flare Explains: The Virgin Mary | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Video | Captain Disillusion | Video | Manipulated Content | 2018-12-12 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Marble Sorting Machine DEBUNK | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Video | Captain Disillusion | Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, YouTube | 2018-06-28 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | The Kraken: What is it and why has Trump's ex-lawyer released it? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | 2020 US Election, QAnon | 2020-11-28 | Unattributed | Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Brave New War | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Atlantic | Government, Military | 2015-12-29 | Peter Pomerantsev | Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Local Green Group Actually a Front for Far-Right Activists | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | Climate Crisis, White Supremacy | In-person, Instagram, Telegram, Twitter | 2020-10-27 | https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wkk7/generation-identity-uk-local-matters-far-right | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Vaccine rumours debunked: Microchips, 'altered DNA' and more | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC Reality Check | Anti-Vaccine, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Meme, Video | False Connection, Misleading Content, False Context | Facebook, TikTok | 2020-12-02 | Flora Carmichael, Jack Goodman | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Man who believed virus was hoax loses wife to Covid-19 | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | 5G, Coronavirus, Government | 2020-08-24 | Marianna Spring | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | How Misinformation ‘Superspreaders’ Seed False Election Theories | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | 2020 US Election, Elections | Hashtag, Image, Text post, Video | Facebook, Twitter | Facebook Algorithm, Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-11-23 | Sheera Frenkel | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Facebook Knows That Adding Labels To Trump’s False Claims Does Little To Stop Their Spread | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Buzzfeed News | 2020 US Election, Elections | Facebook, Twitter | 2020-11-16 | Craig Silverman, Ryan Mac | Amplify: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | The Making of a YouTube Radical | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | Feminism, White Supremacy, Redpilling | Video | YouTube | YouTube Algorithm | 2019-06-08 | Kevin Roose | Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Amplify: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were “Red-Pilled” | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Bellingcat | Redpilling, White Supremacy, 2016 US Election | Meme, Text post, Video | *chan, Reddit, YouTube, Discord | Public Figure / Celebrity, YouTube Algorithm | 2018-10-11 | Robert Evans | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | How Technology Helped Martin Luther Change Christianity | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NPR | White Supremacy, Religion | Article | 2016-11-20 | Tom Gjelten | Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 1920-21 | Exposing the ‘Protocols’ as a Fraud | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | Anti-Semitism, White Supremacy, 2016 US Election | Article | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | 2016-10-27 | David Dunlap | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Prebunking interventions based on “inoculation” theory can reduce susceptibility to misinformation across cultures | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Harvard Kennedy School | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Twitter | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification | 2020-01-01 | Jon Roozenbeek, Sander van der Linden, Thomas Nygren | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | The Great Moon Hoax is published in the "New York Sun" | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | History.com | Aliens | Satire or Parody | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United States of America | 2009-11-24 | Unattributed | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | REVISIONS OF REALITY; The Three Warfares—China’s New Way of War | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Legatum Foundation | Article, Inauthentic Documents, Oral Statement | Government Figure, Mainstream Media Reporting, State Media | Mainstream Media | China | 2015-09-01 | Laura Jackson | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | The QAnon Timeline: Four Years, 5,000 Drops and Countless Failed Prophecies | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Bellingcat | 2020 US Election, Antifa, Clinton, Coronavirus, Disinformation, Elections, Pizzagate, QAnon, Trump | Text post | Fabricated Content | *chan | 2021-01-29 | Edward Tian | Produce: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | The Making of QAnon: A Crowdsourced Conspiracy | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Bellingcat | 2020 US Election, Pizzagate, QAnon, Trump | Text post | Fabricated Content | *chan | 2021-01-07 | The Q Origins Project | Research: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon Led the Storming of the US Capitol | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | 2020 US Election, Antifa, QAnon, 2021 US Capitol Riots, False Flag | 2021-01-06 | David Gilbert | Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Is QAnon taking over America? Not so fast | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Guardian | QAnon | 2020-08-18 | Adam Enders, Joseph Uscinski | Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon Is Just the Standard Trump Train Now | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Magazine | QAnon | 2019-04-19 | Brian Feldman | Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Anti-vaccine protesters temporarily shut down vaccine site | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | ABC News | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus | United States of America | 2021-01-31 | The Associated Press | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | I Helped Uncover QAnon. Failed Prophecies Won’t Kill It | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Information | 2021-01-23 | Paris Martineau | Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Prophecy Fail - What happens to a doomsday cult when the world doesn’t end? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | SLATE | Armageddon | 2011-05-20 | Vaughan Bell | Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Antivaxx microinfluencers are Facebook’s next big problem | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | WIRED | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare, QAnon | Text post, Video | Coordinated user action, Facebook Algorithm, Facebook Groups | Australia, United Kingdom, United States of America | 2021-01-29 | Gian Volpicelli | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Calibrate: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Not Anti-Vaccine, Anti COVID-Vaccine: Misinformation Trends in the UK | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Logically | 5G, Abortion, Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare, QAnon | Article, Text post, Video | Alternative Media, Facebook, YouTube | Facebook Algorithm, Facebook Groups, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2020-12-02 | Joe Ondrak, Kristina Gildejeva, Edie Miller | Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | COVID and 5G and Vaccines, Oh My! Why so Many Conspiracies Merge Together | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Logically | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare, QAnon | Cultic Milieu | 2020-05-07 | Joe Ondrak | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Exclusive: A UK Anti-Trafficking Facebook Group Is Indoctrinating Mums and Survivors Into QAnon | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Logically | QAnon | Hashtag, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages | *chan, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Hashtag Hijacking | United Kingdom | 2020-10-15 | Joe Ondrak | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | It Was Never About the Kids: How QAnon Is Hijacking Movements Against Child Trafficking and Taking the Pro-Trump #Pizzagate to the Streets | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Logically | QAnon | Hashtag, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages | Facebook Groups, Hashtag Hijacking | 2020-08-13 | Nick Backovic | Position: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | A Bible Burning, a Russian News Agency and a Story Too Good to Check Out | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | New York Times | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, 2020 US Election, Antifa | Article, Text post, Video | False Context | Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter, Inauthentic News Site | Government Figure, Inauthentic News Site, Public Figure / Celebrity, Twitter Algorithm, Information Laundering | 2020-08-11 | Matthew Rosenberg, Julian Barnes | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Enlisting Useful Idiots: the Ties Between Online Harassment and Disinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Colorado Technology Law Journal | 2016 US Election, Anti-Semitism, Feminism, Government, Mainstream Media, Pro-Government, White Supremacy, Political Inauthenticity, Gamergate | Image, Inauthentic Reporting, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages, Manipulated Image, Meme, Text post, Video | *chan, Facebook, Reddit, Twitter | Bot Account, Coordinated user action, Cross Platform Sharing, Facebook Groups, Inauthentic Persona, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Account, Information Laundering, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2021-01-20 | Brittan Heller | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Produce: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | UK's youngest terror offender, boy, 16, sentenced | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Anti-Semitism, White Supremacy, Homophobia | Forum Post | 2021-02-08 | Unattributed | Position: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | From Anonymous to QAnon feat Dale Beran, Matt Alt, Fredrick Brennan & Fuxnet | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Audio / Podcast | The QAnon Anonymous Podcast | 2016 US Election, Gamergate, Government, QAnon, Trump | *chan | Coordinated user action | 2021-02-04 | The QAnon Anonymous Podcast | Research: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | QAnon's Great Disappointment | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Audio / Podcast | The QAnon Anonymous Podcast | 2020 US Election, 2021 US Capitol Riots, QAnon | *chan, Parler, Telegram, TikTok, Twitter | 2021-01-28 | The QAnon Anonymous Podcast | Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Movie at the Ellipse: A Study in Fascist Propaganda | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Just Security | 2020 US Election, 2021 US Capitol Riots, QAnon, Trump, White Supremacy | Video | Government Figure, In-person | Government Figure | United States of America | 2021-02-04 | Jason Stanley | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Trump Embraces One Of Russia's Favorite Propaganda Tactics — Whataboutism | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | npr | Trump | Text post | Government Figure, Twitter | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2017-03-17 | Danielle Kurtzleben | Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | The Slippery Slope of Trump’s Dangerous ‘Whataboutism’ | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Foreign Policy | Trump | Oral Statement | Mainstream Media Reporting | Government Figure, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2017-02-07 | Jake Sullivan | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | In the crosshairs of Azerbaijan’s patriotic trolls | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Open Democracy | Government | Text post | Mainstream Media Websites: Comments / Replies, Twitter | Azerbaijan | 2016-11-22 | Arzu Geybulla | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Whataboutism, Harassment | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Et tu quoque, Trudeau? How Saudi trolls slammed Canada in a diplomatic spat | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Audio / Podcast | CBC | Government | Canada, Saudi Arabia | 2018-08-10 | Brent Bambury | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Recycling Israeli propaganda tactics to defend Saudi Arabia | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The New Arab | Saudi Arabia, Israel | 2018-11-12 | Muhammad Shehada | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | In response to Trump, China gets mean | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Politico | Text post | Government Figure, Twitter | Government Figure | United States of America, China | 2019-12-08 | Nahal Toosi | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Kremlin TV Loves Anti-War Protests—Unless Russia Is the One Waging War | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The New Republic | State Media | Mainstream Media | Russia | 2014-03-02 | Julia Ioffe | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Russia Complains To Azerbaijan About Discrimination Against Armenians | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | eurasianet | Government Figure | Russia, Azerbaijan | 2017-07-05 | Joshua Kucera | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Childish Rants or Putin-Style Propaganda? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Mother Jones | 2016 US Election, Trump | Text post | Government Figure, Twitter | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2017-05-20 | Denise Clifton | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Whataboutism | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Economist | Russia | 2008-01-31 | Unattributed | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | We need ‘whataboutism’ now more than ever | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Aljazeera America | 2015-01-26 | Christian Christensen | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Whataboutism: Finger-wagging as a political tactic | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Video | BBC News | 2018-08-23 | David Quantick | Produce: Aggressor, Produce: Defender | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Atlantic | Government | Russia, United States of America | 2013-08-02 | Olga Khazan | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | Donald Trump’s Whataboutism | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Diplomat | 2016 US Election, Trump | United States of America | 2016-07-22 | Catherine Putz | Produce: Aggressor | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | A pro-Russia propaganda campaign is using over 180 TikTok influencers to promote the invasion of Ukraine | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Media Matters | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Hashtag, Video | TikTok | Coordinated user action, Public Figure / Celebrity | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-03-11 | Abbie Richards | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Russian TikTok Influencers Are Being Paid to Spread Kremlin Propaganda | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Coronavirus, Government | Hashtag, Video | Instagram, TikTok | Coordinated user action, Public Figure / Celebrity | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-03-11 | David Gilbert | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | The White House is briefing TikTok stars about the war in Ukraine | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Washington Post | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Video | TikTok | Public Figure / Celebrity | Russia, Ukraine, United States of America | 2022-03-11 | Taylor Lorenz | Amplify: Defender | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Influencers say Russia-linked PR agency asked them to disparage Pfizer vaccine | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Guardian | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Video | Instagram, TikTok, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom | 2021-05-25 | Jon Henley | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Une mystérieuse agence demande à des influenceurs français de dénigrer le vaccin Pfizer | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | numerama | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Video | Instagram, TikTok, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | France, Russia | 2021-05-24 | Julien Cadot | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | La Russie derrière une campagne de lobbying anti Pfizer ? | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Fact & Furious | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Video | YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | France, Russia, United Kingdom | 2021-05-24 | Antoine Daoust | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | The anti-vax influencer plot that flopped | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Audio / Podcast | BBC News | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Video | Instagram, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | Russia, China | 2021-07-24 | Charlie Haynes, Flora Carmichael, Ed Main | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Kenyan influencers paid to take 'guerrilla warfare' online | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Government | Comments / Replies, Hashtag, Image, Meme | Coordinated user action, Public Figure / Celebrity | Kenya | 2021-09-13 | Emmanuel Onyango | Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Harassment, Amplification via Influencer, Inauthentic Trend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | The YouTubers who blew the whistle on an anti-vax plot | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Video | Misleading Content, False Context | Instagram, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | France, Germany, India, United Kingdom | 2021-07-25 | Charlie Haynes, Flora Carmichael | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| No | The “Next Frontier of Propaganda”: Micro-Influencers are Paid to Spread Political Messages, Disinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Promarket | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2021-01-13 | Jana Kasperkevic | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | Social Media Influencers and the 2020 U.S. Election: Paying ‘Regular People’ for Digital Campaign Communication | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | TEXAS Moody Media Engagement | 2020 US Election, Coronavirus, QAnon | TikTok | 2020-10-01 | Anastasia Goodwin, Katie Joseff, Samuel Woolley | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | “Disinformation influencers” for hire, only $15 a day | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Rest of World | Government | Hashtag | Coordinated user action, Public Figure / Celebrity | Kenya | 2021-09-02 | Vittoria Elliott | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer, Inauthentic Trend | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | In the Ukraine Conflict, Fake Fact-Checks Are Being Used to Spread Disinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | ProPublica | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Video | Imposter Content | Government Figure, Reddit, State Media, Telegram, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-03-08 | Craig Silverman, Jeff Kao | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| No | The Tories' factcheckUK Twitter stunt was cleverly designed to fail | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | WIRED | Elections, Government | Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text post | Imposter Content | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2019-11-20 | James Temperton | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | factcheckUK or fakecheckUK? Reinventing the political faction as the impartial factchecker | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Dr Claire Hardaker | Elections, Government | Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text post | Imposter Content | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2019-11-21 | Claire Hardaker | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | “The Facts, the Facty-Facts! How dull…” | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Ellen Judson | Elections, Government | Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text post | Imposter Content | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2019-11-21 | Ellen Judson | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Election debate: Conservatives criticised for renaming Twitter profile 'factcheckUK' | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Elections, Government | Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text post | Imposter Content | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2019-11-20 | Dave Lee | Publish: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Twitter threatens 'corrective action' against Boris Johnson’s Conservatives party after it created a fake fact-checking service | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Business Insider | Elections, Government | Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Imposter Content | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2019-11-20 | Thomas Colson | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Defender | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | FactcheckUK: How Twitter’s rules let Tories convincingly rebrand as fact checkers | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Independent | Elections, Government | Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Imposter Content | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2019-11-19 | Andrew Griffin | Position: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Fox News Doctored Clips of Obama’s Visit to the White House to Make It Seem Like Biden Was Lost | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Rolling Stone | Government | Text post, Video | False Context | Mainstream Media Reporting, Telegram | Mainstream Media | United States of America | 2022-04-06 | Ryan Bort | Produce: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | This Script Sends Junk Data to Ohio’s Website for Snitching on Workers | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Vice News | Coronavirus, Employment | Fabricated Content | Government Website | Bot Account | United States of America | 2020-05-13 | Janus Rose | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Tactical Infodemic | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | TikTokers say thousands of them are spamming the tip line set up by Virginia's GOP governor to report teachers over critical race theory | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Insider | White Supremacy | Fabricated Content | Government Website | Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2022-01-27 | Sophia Ankel | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Tactical Infodemic | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | TikTokers flood Texas abortion whistleblower site with Shrek memes, fake reports and porn | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Guardian | Abortion, Government | Fabricated Content | Government Website | Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2021-09-03 | Kari Paul | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Tactical Infodemic | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Reddit Mind-Hacktivists conduct a Disinformation Campaign against Kelloggs | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | DisinfoDB | Employment | Fabricated Content | Bot Account, Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2021-12-13 | DisinfoDB | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Tactical Infodemic | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Pro-Russian accounts and 'fake news' sites are trying to claim that satellite imagery [...] are fake | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Tweets | Twitter Post | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Misleading Content, False Context, Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Telegram | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-04-10 | Benjamin Strick | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Kenya election: Fake CNN and BBC news reports circulate | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | Elections | Video | Imposter Content | Facebook, WhatsApp | Kenya | 2017-07-29 | Unattributed | Produce: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Understanding Information disorder - Imposter Content | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | First Draft | Elections, Immigration, White Supremacy | Inauthentic Website, Manipulated Image | Imposter Content | France, Kenya, United Kingdom, United States of America | 2019-10-01 | Claire Wardle | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Fact Check-Image claiming to show BBC headline warning that excessive breathing may lead to a heart attack is fabricated | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Reuters Fact Check | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Text post | Imposter Content | Facebook, Instagram, Twitter | United Kingdom | 2022-02-11 | Reuters Fact Check | Produce: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Russian Telegram channel embraces fact-checking tropes to spread disinformation | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | DFRLab | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Misleading Content, False Context | Inauthentic Website, Telegram | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-03-07 | Ingrid Dickinson | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Parents opposing mask mandates bombard school districts with sham legal claims | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Video | NBC News, MSNBC | Coronavirus, Healthcare, QAnon | Threat of Legal Action | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2022-02-21 | Craig Melvin, Ben Collins | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Harassment, Paper Terrorism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Paper terrorism: Parents against mask mandates bombard school districts with sham legal claims | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | NBC News | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, QAnon, Sovereign Citizen | Threat of Legal Action | Misleading Content, Fabricated Content | Telegram | Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2022-02-21 | Tyler Kingkade, Ben Collins | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Harassment, Paper Terrorism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| No | Paper Terrorism - Anti-government vigilantes wield a subtle weapon | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Harper's Magazine | Sovereign Citizen | Threat of Legal Action | Misleading Content, Fabricated Content | Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2018-10-01 | Anne Diebel, Tyler Maroney | Sovereign Citizens | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Harassment, Paper Terrorism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| No | Weapons of mass distraction: strategies for countering the paper terrorism of sovereign citizens | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Dudley Knox Library | Sovereign Citizen | 2018-03-01 | Terri March-Safbom | Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Calibrate: Defender, Impact: Defender | Harassment, Paper Terrorism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Paper terrorism spreads to Ankeny schools | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Axios | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare, Sovereign Citizen, White Supremacy | Threat of Legal Action | Misleading Content, Fabricated Content | Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2022-02-23 | Linh Ta | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Harassment, Paper Terrorism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Fact Check-The BBC did not release a video suggesting Ukraine was responsible for the missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Reuters Fact Check | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Video | Imposter Content | Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom | 2022-04-13 | Reuters Fact Check | Produce: Aggressor | Fake Factcheck, Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | BBC warns over fake news video | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Video | Imposter Content | Facebook, State Media, Telegram, Twitter, YouTube | Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom | 2022-04-13 | Alistair Coleman | Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | 🚨URGENT: There’s a FAKE video with BBC branding doing the rounds about the Kramatorsk station attack, saying that Ukraine was responsible. THIS IS NOT A BBC VIDEO. IT IS A FAKE. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Tweets | Alistair Coleman | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Video | Imposter Content | Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom | 2022-04-13 | Alistair Coleman | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Slipping Racism into the Mainstream: A Theory of Information Laundering | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Journal Article | Adam Klein | White Supremacy | Alternative Media, Facebook, Government Figure, Mainstream Media Reporting, YouTube | 2012-11-01 | Adam Klein | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | How Conspiracy Theories Get ‘Laundered’ in Cyberspace | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | DataDrivenInvestor | Worms | 2020-08-21 | Beth Bradford | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | Online Information Laundering: The Role of Social Media | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Alliance for Securing Democracy | 2016 US Election, Black Lives Matter, Clinton, Immigration, Pizzagate, White Supremacy | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Facebook, Reddit, Twitter | Russia, United States of America | 2018-01-09 | Kirill Meleshevich, Bret Schafer | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Calibrate: Defender, Impact: Defender | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Exploring the Information-Laundering Ecosystem: The Russian Case | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | Center for Strategic & International Studies | 2016 US Election | Russia, United States of America | 2017-08-31 | Boris Toucas | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | From Information Laundering to Influence: Russia's Footprints in Germany | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | EUvsDisinfo | Anti-Vaccine, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Pizzagate | Germany, Russia | 2020-12-15 | Unattributed | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Publish: Defender, Amplify: Defender | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | ‘We Can Only Be Enemies’ | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Atlantic | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-05-02 | Peter Pomerantsev | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | I Watched Russian TV So You Don’t Have To | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | The Atlantic | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Mainstream Media Reporting, State Media | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-03-10 | Olga Khazan | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Whataboutism, Fake Factcheck | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Fact Check-Image purporting to show TIME magazine cover claiming that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky no longer uses ‘z’ and ‘v’ letters is digitally altered | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Reuters Fact Check | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Image | Imposter Content | Facebook, Twitter | Ukraine | 2022-04-19 | Unattributed | Produce: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Fact Check-Fake BBC News social media post quoting President Macron saying Russian sanctions would lead to 60 million refugees in Europe | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Reuters Fact Check | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Immigration | Image, Manipulated Image, Screenshot | Imposter Content | Facebook, Twitter | France, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom | 2022-04-18 | Unattributed | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| No | Fact Check-Screenshot purporting to show CNN tweet claiming that child soldiers are fighting in eastern Ukraine is digitally altered | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Reuters Fact Check | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, War | Image, Manipulated Image, Screenshot | False Context, Imposter Content | Facebook, Instagram, Twitter | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-04-15 | Unattributed | Produce: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation, Media Shared with False Context | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | Fact Check-Image purporting to show Time magazine cover warning of an impending ice age is digitally altered | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | Reuters Fact Check | Climate Crisis | Image | Imposter Content | 2021-11-01 | Unattributed | Produce: Aggressor | Impersonate Existing News Organisation | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||
| No | How Ukraine's 'Ghost of Kyiv' legendary pilot was born | Dylan | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Article | BBC News | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Image | Misleading Content, False Context | Telegram, Twitter | Government Figure | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-05-01 | Laurence Peter | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Amplification via Influencer, Media Shared with False Context | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 18:57:56 | Far-Right Online Radicalization: A Review of the Literature | This literature review examines cross-disciplinary work on radicalization to situate, historicize, frame, and better understand the present concerns around online radicalization and far-right extremist and fringe movements. We find that research on radicalization is inextricably linked to the post-9/11 context in which it emerged, and as a result is overly focused on studying the other. Applying this research to the spread of far-right ideas online does not account for the ways in which the far-right’s endorsement of white supremacy and racism holds historical, normative precedent in the United States. Further, radicalization research is rife with uncertainties, ranging from definitional ambiguity to an inability to identify any simplistic, causal models capable of fully explaining the conditions under which radicalization occurs. Instead, there are multiple possible pathways to radicalization, and while the internet does not cause individuals to adopt far-right extremist or fringe beliefs, some technological affordances may aid adoption of these beliefs through gradual processes of socialization. We conclude that the term “radicalization” does not serve as a useful analytical frame for studying the spread of far-right and fringe ideas online. Instead, potential analytical frameworks better suited to studying these phenomena include theories prominent in the study of online communities, conversion, mainstreaming, and sociotechnical theories of media effects. | Adam | I'm done (Submit now!) | Radicalisation | Journal Article | The Bulletin of Technology & Public Life. | 2022-05-10 | Alice Marwick, Benjamin Clancy, Katherine Furl | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 15/05/2022 11:38:16 | The Buffalo supermarket shooting suspect posted an apparent manifesto repeatedly citing 'Great Replacement' theory | A manifesto claiming to be written by the suspect in a mass shooting at a Buffalo supermarket that killed 10 laid out specific plans to attack Black people and repeatedly cited the “Great Replacement" Theory, the false idea that a cabal is attempting to replace white Americans with non-white people through immigration, interracial marriage and eventually violence. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Kinetic Impact - Inspire Terrorism | Extremist - White Supremacist | Radicalisation | Article | NBC News | White Supremacy | United States of America | 2022-05-15 | Ben Collins | Impact: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 15/05/2022 12:06:07 | A few people are reporting a sudden influx of suspicious followers today, including @abierkhatib. I crunched the numbers and yes, it's very anomalous, and very weird. Read on for some weird stats and possible explanations. | Adam | I'm done (Submit now!) | Shelf Accounts, Shell Accounts | Inauthentic Account Activity - Follow account en-masse, Inauthentic Account Activity - Follow account en-masse - Unsolicited follows make target feel 'watched' | Reduce probability of further participation in online discource | Tweets | @marcowenjones | 2022-04-29 | Marc Owen Jones | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 16/05/2022 10:35:41 | Twitter Accounts of European Politicians Hijacked to Spread CCP Propaganda | ISD has identified a small network of 33 Twitter accounts that appear to have been hijacked and used to spread pro-CCP (Chinese Communist Party) narratives. The network includes the verified account of the French MP Bernard Reynès and the account of Liliana Pérez Pazo, a local politician in Spain. Our investigation found that this network, which has been parroting pro-CCP talking points about the United States, likely belongs to Spamouflage, a spam operation originally identified by Graphika in 2019. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Hacked Accounts (T0011), Hacked Accounts - Hack high profile account, Shell Accounts - Create Network around Hacked / Shelf Account | Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Twitter, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content | Amplify beneficial narratives | Information Laundering | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Coronavirus, Elections, Government | Video | Compromised Account, Government Figure | France, Russia, Ukraine, United States of America | 2022-04-22 | Unattributed | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | ||||||||||
| Yes | 16/05/2022 11:37:23 | Their mom died of COVID. They say conspiracy theories are what really killed her | One thing everyone agrees on is that Stephanie didn't have to die. Even months after it happened, her family is struggling to figure out why. "There is no perfect puzzle piece," says Stephanie's daughter Laurie. "I literally go through this all the time." Stephanie was 75 when she succumbed to COVID-19 this past December. But Laurie says it wasn't just COVID that killed her mother. In the years leading up to her death, Stephanie had become embroiled in conspiracy theories. Her belief in those far-out ideas caused her to avoid vaccination and led her to delay and even refuse some of the most effective treatments after she got sick. "I don't believe she was supposed to die," Laurie says. "I blame the misinformation." | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Death of person who believed false information, Rift in Community - Family | Article | npr | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus | United States of America | 2022-04-24 | Geoff Brumfiel | Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Calibrate: Defender, Impact: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 16/05/2022 12:01:14 | How the right-wing turns an unpopular position into a cultural stronghold | First, start with a position that most people would disagree with and that they can't possibly defend in the public square, like "No one should be allowed to be openly gay." Second, find a position that most people would agree with and that can't be easily argued against in the public square, like "Children should be protected from sexual predation." Third, create a context in which they can conflate those two positions, however implausible it might be on its face... such as a series of laws that equate being openly gay (or acknowledging the existence of gay people) in schools as being akin to sexual predation in itself. Then fourth, and on an ongoing basis... sometimes in small incremental ways and sometimes in large rhetorical leaps... work to shrink the distance between their abhorrent actual position and their feel-good cover position in the public eye. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Narrative - Motte-and-bailey fallacy | Tweets | @AlexandraErin | Homophobia | United States of America | 2022-04-22 | Alexandra Erin | Produce: Aggressor | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 16/05/2022 12:25:49 | Systematic review: YouTube recommendations and problematic content | There has been much concern that social media, in particular YouTube, may facilitate radicalisation and polarisation of online audiences. This systematic review aimed to determine whether the YouTube recommender system facilitates pathways to problematic content such as extremist or radicalising material. The review conducted a narrative synthesis of the papers in this area. It assessed the eligibility of 1,187 studies and excluded studies using the PRISMA process for systematic reviews, leaving a final sample of 23 studies. Overall, 14 studies implicated the YouTube recommender system in facilitating problematic content pathways, seven produced mixed results, and two did not implicate the recommender system. The review's findings indicate that the YouTube recommender system could lead users to problematic content. However, due to limited access and an incomplete understanding of the YouTube recommender system, the models built by researchers might not reflect the actual mechanisms underlying the YouTube recommender system and pathways to problematic content. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Algorithm Recommending Inauthentic / Extremist Content - Youtube | Radicalisation | Journal Article | Internet Policy Review | YouTube | YouTube Algorithm | 2022-03-31 | Muhsin Yesilada, Stephan Lewandowsky | Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| No | 16/01/2022 14:08:11 | Anatomy of a death threat | Trump supporters have waged a campaign of intimidation against the state and local officials who administer U.S. elections. This visual analysis explores hundreds of menacing messages - and explains why they’re difficult to counter. Reuters has documented more than 850 threatening and hostile messages aimed at election officials and staff related to the 2020 election. Virtually all expressed support for former President Donald Trump or echoed his debunked contention that the election was stolen. The messages spanned 30 jurisdictions in 16 states. They came via emails, voicemails, texts, letters and Internet posts. | Adam | Article | Reuters | 2021-12-30 | Peter Eisler, Jason Szep, Linda So, Sam Hart | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 16/01/2022 14:44:19 | Architects of Networked Disinformation | Behind the scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines | Adam | Journal Article | University of Leeds | 2018-02-22 | Jonathan Corpus Ong, Jason Vincent A. Cabañes | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 16/01/2022 14:45:40 | Tek Fog: An App With BJP Footprints for Cyber Troops to Automate Hate, Manipulate Trends | The Wire investigates claims behind the use of ‘Tek Fog’, a highly sophisticated app used by online operatives to hijack major social media and encrypted messaging platforms and amplify right-wing propaganda to a domestic audience. | Adam | Article | The Wire | 2022-01-06 | Ayushman Kaul, Devesh Kumar | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 16/01/2022 14:46:03 | Tek Fog: Morphing URLs to Make Real News Fake, 'Hijacking' WhatsApp to Drive BJP Propaganda | In the second part of its Tek Fog investigation, The Wire looks at the tech behind the secretive app that lets BJP-linked cyber troops hack WhatsApp accounts and conduct targeted campaigns using third-party automation tools. | Adam | Article | The Wire | 2022-01-10 | Ayushman Kaul, Devesh Kumar | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 16/01/2022 14:46:24 | Tek Fog in Action: Targeting Women Journalists, Pushing Communal Narrative on COVID, Delhi Violence | In the third part of its exclusive investigation, The Wire analyses the activities of a 'Tek Fog' operator who used the app to automate abuse and engineer Twitter trends to communalise public conversations on the platform and subject women reporters to abuse. | Adam | Article | The Wire | 2022-01-14 | Ayushman Kaul, Devesh Kumar | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 16/01/2022 14:46:50 | Digital literacy is associated with more discerning accuracy judgments but not sharing intentions | It has been widely argued that social media users with low digital literacy—who lack fluency with basic technological concepts related to the internet—are more likely to fall for online misinformation, but surprisingly little research has examined this association empirically. In a large survey experiment involving true and false news posts about politics and COVID-19, we found that digital literacy is indeed an important predictor of the ability to tell truth from falsehood when judging headline accuracy. However, digital literacy is not a robust predictor of users’ intentions to share true versus false headlines. This observation resonates with recent observations of a substantial disconnect between accuracy judgments and sharing intentions. Furthermore, our results suggest that lack of digital literacy may be useful for identifying people with inaccurate beliefs, but not for identifying those who are more likely to spread misinformation online. | Adam | Journal Article | Harvard Kennedy School, Misinformation Review | 2021-12-06 | Nathaniel Sirlin, Ziv Epstein, Antonio A. Arechar, David G. Rand | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 18/01/2022 13:04:09 | After Alt News exposé, Google doc with trending instructions for #DemonetisationSuccess hashtag is deleted | “Trend Alert: #DemonetisationSuccess. Date: 31st August; Time: 4.30 PM“. The Google doc file proceeded to provide the list of tweets that the BJP social media army, MPs and ministers faithfully shared on Twitter starting 4.30 pm on August 31st. After the RBI report revealed that 99% of the demonetised currency notes had come back, BJP social media army was joined by ministers to create an artificial buzz around the hashtag, #DemonetisationSuccess. Alt News video exposé deconstructed this copy-paste tweeting and traced the Google doc file that provided instructions and template to tweet. | Adam | Article | Alt News | 2017-12-03 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 18/01/2022 15:29:28 | Fake news and hate speech thrive on regional language social media | An HT investigation has revealed that regional language social media platforms such as ShareChat, with 50 million registered users, and Helo, with at least 5 million estimated registered users, are rife with misinformation and political propaganda.(Getty Images/Picture for representation) | Adam | Article | Hindustan Times | 2018-11-14 | Samarth Bansal, Snigdha Poonam | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 18/01/2022 15:31:08 | ShareChat takes the shovel to 54,000 accounts, half-a-million content items | ShareChat, a homegrown social media platform, has taken down nearly half a million pieces of content and removed 54,400 accounts since February for spreading fake news, hate speech, spam and misinformation. | Adam | Article | The Economic Times | 2019-04-18 | Megha Mandavia | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 18/01/2022 19:28:33 | Escape from QAnon: How Jan. 6 changed one person’s path | Unlike so many fellow conspiracy theorists, Justin would ultimately crawl out of the dark place his own mind had taken him. His first steps began at the U.S. Capitol. | Adam | Article | NBC News | 2022-01-18 | Brandy Zadrozny | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 18/01/2022 19:42:25 | I get abuse and threats online - why can't it be stopped? | I'm the BBC's first specialist disinformation reporter - and I receive abusive messages on social media daily. Most are too offensive to share unedited. The trigger? My coverage of the impact of online conspiracies and fake news. I expect to be challenged and criticised - but misogynistic hate directed at me has become a very regular occurrence. | Adam | Article | BBC News | 2021-10-18 | Marianna Spring | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 19/01/2022 14:10:51 | Perverse Downstream Consequences of Debunking: Being Corrected by Another User for Posting False Political News Increases Subsequent Sharing of Low Quality, Partisan, and Toxic Content in a Twitter Field Experiment | A prominent approach to combating online misinformation is to debunk false content. Here we investigate downstream consequences of social corrections on users’ subsequent sharing of other content. Being corrected might make users more attentive to accuracy, thus improving their subsequent sharing. Alternatively, corrections might not improve subsequent sharing - or even backfire - by making users feel defensive, or by shifting their attention away from accuracy (e.g., towards various social factors). We identified N=2,000 users who shared false political news on Twitter, and replied to their false tweets with links to fact-checking websites. We find causal evidence that being corrected decreases the quality, and increases the partisan slant and language toxicity, of the users’ subsequent retweets (but has no significant effect on primary tweets). This suggests that being publicly corrected by another user shifts one's attention away from accuracy - presenting an important challenge for social correction approaches. | Adam | Journal Article | Association for Computing Machinery | 2021-05-07 | Mohsen Mosleh, Cameron Martel, Dean Eckles, David Rand | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 20/01/2022 17:57:49 | Targeted ads aren’t just annoying, they can be harmful. Here’s how to fight back | Online targeted advertising divides and isolates us. It’s time to restore the role of consumers as active participants in regulating online advertising. | Adam | Article | Fast Company | 2021-07-31 | Silvia Milano | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 21/01/2022 12:36:09 | Brand Twitter Grows Up; How corporate social media (mostly) moved past its awkward phase and connected with audiences. | Adam | Article | Vulture | 2019-06-24 | Nathan Allebach | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 21/01/2022 22:39:06 | The psychology of misinformation | Adam | Tweets | @dg_rand | 2022-01-21 | David G. Rand | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 22/01/2022 12:25:59 | Alex Jones' Infowars Store Made $165 Million Over 3 Years, Records Show | New court records first obtained by HuffPost illuminate how the conspiracy theorist has built an empire hawking supplements and survival gear. | Adam | Article | HUFFPOST | 2022-01-07 | Sebastian Murdock | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 22/01/2022 12:26:19 | Disclose.tv: Conspiracy Forum Turned Disinformation Factory | Disclose.tv, a disinformation outlet based in Germany, is bringing fake news to a timeline near you. Although it now presents itself on social media as a reliable news source, Disclose.tv originated as a forum fixated on conspiracy narratives and UFOs. Its continued uncritical coverage of these topics reveals its links to fringe pseudoscience and conspiracy theories. | Adam | Article | Logically | 2022-01-12 | W. F. Thomas | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 22/01/2022 12:26:56 | CHINESE INFLUENCE OPERATIONS; A MACHIAVELLIAN MOMENT | For a long time, it could be said that China, unlike Russia, sought to be loved rather than feared; that it wanted to seduce and project a positive image of itself in the world, or to inspire admiration. Today, Beijing has not renounced to seduce, nor its overall attractiveness and its ambition to shape international standards, and it is essential for the Chinese Communist Party not to lose face. And yet, Beijing is also increasingly comfortable with infiltration and coercion: its influence operations have become considerably tougher in recent years and its methods are resembling more closely the ones employed by Moscow. This is a “Machiavellian turn” inasmuch as the Party-State now seems to believe that “it is much safer to be feared than to be loved,” in the words of Machiavelli in The Prince. This is a clear Russification of Chinese influence operations. This report delves into this evolution, with the ambition to cover the whole specter of influence, from the most benign (public diplomacy) to the most malign methods, that is, interference (clandestine activities). To do that, the report is divided into four parts: successively laying out the main concepts; the actors implementing these operations, including the Base 311 of the People’s Liberation Army; the actions conducted by Beijing toward the diasporas, the media, diplomacy, economy, politics, education, think tanks, and in terms of information manipulations – some levers among others; then, several cases are studied (Taiwan, Singapore, Sweden, Canada, the operations that targeted Hong Kong protestors in 2019, and the one that branded the Covid-19 as an American fabrication in 2020). The conclusion returns to this “Russification”, which has three components: Beijing is inspired by Moscow in several ways, there are obviously differences between the two, and there is also a certain degree of cooperation. Finally, the report assesses the effectiveness of this new Chinese posture, which can boast some tactical successes, but constitutes a strategic failure. | Adam | Journal Article | Ministère des Armées | 2021-10-01 | Paul Charon, Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 23/01/2022 21:36:11 | UK’s propaganda leaflets inspired 1960s massacre of Indonesian communists | Shocking new details have emerged of Britain’s role in one of the most brutal massacres of the postwar 20th century. Last year the Observer revealed how British officials secretly deployed black propaganda in the 1960s to incite prominent Indonesians to “cut out” the “communist cancer”. It is estimated that at least 500,000 people linked to the Indonesia communist party (PKI) were eliminated between 1965 and 1966. Documents newly released in the National Archives show how propaganda specialists from the Foreign Office sent hundreds of inflammatory pamphlets to leading anti-communists in Indonesia, inciting them to kill the foreign minister Dr Subandrio and claiming that ethnic Chinese Indonesians deserved the violence meted out to them. | Adam | Article | The Guardian | 2022-01-23 | Paul Lashmar, Nicholas Gilby, James Oliver | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 24/01/2022 08:01:41 | How do you get people to listen to experts? | Non-experts often think they know best, but if you first ask them to privately write down how something works (“how does trade with China hurt the US?”) they realize they don’t really get it & become more willing to listen to experts. | Adam | Tweets | @emollick | 2022-01-24 | Ethan Mollick | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 24/01/2022 08:04:40 | A comparison of prebunking and debunking interventions for implied versus explicit misinformation | Psychological research has offered valuable insights into how to combat misinformation. The studies conducted to date, however, have three limitations. First, pre-emptive (“prebunking”) and retroactive (“debunking”) interventions have mostly been examined in parallel, and thus it is unclear which of these two predominant approaches is more effective. Second, there has been a focus on misinformation that is explicitly false, but implied misinformation that uses literally true information to mislead is common in the real world. Finally, studies have relied mainly on questionnaire measures of reasoning, neglecting behavioural impacts of misinformation and interventions. To offer incremental progress towards addressing these three issues, we conducted an experiment (N = 735) involving misinformation on fair trade. We contrasted the effectiveness of prebunking versus debunking and the impacts of implied versus explicit misinformation, and incorporated novel measures assessing consumer behaviours (i.e., willingness-to-pay; information seeking; online misinformation promotion) in addition to standard questionnaire measures. In general, both prebunking and debunking reduced misinformation reliance. We also found that individuals tended to rely more on explicit than implied misinformation both with and without interventions. | Adam | Journal Article | The British Journal of Psychology | 2021-12-29 | Li Qian Tay ,Mark J. Hurlstone, Tim Kurz, Ullrich K. H. Ecker | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 24/01/2022 10:23:03 | #KeepPrisonsSingleSex: How botnets pushed a hashtag to Westminster | A Logically investigation has uncovered evidence of a Twitter botnet promoting the hashtag #KeepPrisonsSingleSex. | Adam | Article | Logically | 2022-01-24 | Rachel Muller-Heyndyk, Joe Ondrak | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 24/01/2022 12:47:12 | Fossil fuel firms among biggest spenders on Google ads that look like search results | People turn to Google to educate themselves - so fossil fuel companies are buying up ads on climate-related search terms to influence what they learn about the climate crisis. Fossil fuel companies and firms that work closely with them are among the biggest spenders on ads designed to look like Google search results, in what campaigners say is an example of “endemic greenwashing”. | Adam | Article | The Guardian | 2022-01-05 | Niamh McIntyre | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 25/01/2022 11:55:17 | Conspiracy Clickbait: This One Weird Trick Will Undermine Democracy | Historically, policymakers and investigators have tended to focus on state-linked disinformation operations and to largely overlook the role of commercially motivated networks. However, the rise of a global industry producing conspiracy clickbait for profit is likely to have significant implications, including supercharging existing problems of disinformation and polarization. | Adam | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-01-19 | Elise Thomas | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 25/01/2022 17:25:54 | Instagram’s link sticker feature is lining the pockets of some of the platform’s most prolific misinformers | Media Matters found dozens of examples of anti-vaccine advocates and right-wing agitators using the feature to monetize their misinformation | Adam | Article | Media Matters | 2022-01-24 | Camden Carter, Spencer Silva | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 25/01/2022 17:59:55 | The Devil in D.C | All over America, believers cast Satan as literal, potent, and omnipresent, with his dark minions influencing every action in public and private life. | Adam | Article | The Sword and the Sandwich | 2022-01-25 | Talia Lavin | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 26/01/2022 16:35:18 | Enlisting Useful Idiots: The Ties between Online Harassment and Disinformation | Online harassment has been a blind spot for major platforms for many years. The problem became mainstream with Gamergate in 2014, the first public reckoning with intimidation of women in the online gaming community. This problem is still plaguing social media, with progress being made in fits and starts after publicized incidents of bullying or silencing of minority voices. However, the problem has grown beyond these applications to new harms. Online harassment has created serious policy, technical, and structural vulnerabilities that have been exploited by malign actors and gone largely unnoticed—or unprioritized—by defenders. Trolling has become the vocabulary and testing ground of digital authoritarians. Understanding how online harassment works is integral to combatting State-based disinformation and efforts to undermine faith in both democracy and the internet. | Adam | Journal Article | Colorado Technology Law Journal | 2021-01-29 | Brittan Heller | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 26/01/2022 20:04:34 | ECHO CHAMBERS EMBEDDED IN THE STRUCTURE OF NEWS MEDIA WEBSITES | Are political echo chambers baked into the structure of #news websites? In my latest blog post, I explore this question as well as whether these polarized filter bubbles promote the spread of conspiracy theories! | Adam | Article | The Margin of Error | 2022-01-26 | Hans W. A. Hanley | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 28/01/2022 09:11:43 | The GRU’s galaxy of Russian-speaking websites | Since 2016, numerous studies have shown Russian intelligence services’ involvement in online information operations. Case studies on the Internet Research Agency (IRA), Secondary Infektion , and the Ghostwriter campaigns shed light on the methods allegedly employed by the Russian government to influence and discredit beyond its borders. However, little research has focused on Russian Intelligence’s control over the domestic information space. OpenFacto discovered and mapped more than one thousand Russian-speaking websites linked to the GRU, Russian military intelligence, to reconstruct their strategy and objectives, in a landscape already saturated with media loyal to the Kremlin. | Adam | Article | OpenFacto | 2022-01-27 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 28/01/2022 11:31:42 | Why are beliefs in different conspiracy theories positively correlated across individuals? Testing monological network versus unidimensional factor model explanations | A substantial minority of the public express belief in conspiracy theories. A robust phenomenon in this area is that people who believe one conspiracy theory are more likely to believe in others. But the reason for this “positive manifold” of belief in conspiracy theories is unclear. One possibility is that a single underlying latent factor (e.g. “conspiracism”) causes variation in belief in specific conspiracy theories. Another possibility is that beliefs in various conspiracy theories support one another in a mutually reinforcing network of beliefs (the “monological belief system” theory). While the monological theory has been influential in the literature, the fact that it can be operationalised as a statistical network model has not previously been recognised. In this study, we therefore tested both the unidimensional factor model and a network model. Participants were 1553 American adults recruited via Prolific. Belief in conspiracies was measured using an adapted version of the Belief in Conspiracy Theories Inventory. The fit of the two competing models was evaluated both by using van Bork et al.’s (Psychometrika, 83, 2018, 443, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56, 2019, 175) method for testing network versus unidimensional factor models, as well as by evaluating goodness of fit to the sample covariance matrix. In both cases, evaluation of fit according to our pre-registered inferential criteria favoured the network model. | Adam | Journal Article | The British Journal of Psychology | 2022-01-27 | Matt N. Williams, Mathew D. Marques, Stephen R. Hill, John R. Kerr, Mathew Ling | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 29/01/2022 09:19:25 | The anatomy of a misinformation attack | Earlier this month, psychologist Jay Van Bavel, PhD, was the target of a coordinated misinformation attack . He received thousands of angry tweets, messages, and emails from conspiracy theorists who believed he was part of a massive coverup of the so-called truth about COVID-19. | Adam | Article | American Psychological Association | 2022-05-01 | Zara Abrams | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 29/01/2022 18:15:33 | THE PROPHECIES OF Q | If you were an adherent, no one would be able to tell. You would look like any other American. You could be a mother, picking leftovers off your toddler’s plate. You could be the young man in headphones across the street. You could be a bookkeeper, a dentist, a grandmother icing cupcakes in her kitchen. You may well have an affiliation with an evangelical church. But you are hard to identify just from the way you look—which is good, because someday soon dark forces may try to track you down. You understand this sounds crazy, but you don’t care. You know that a small group of manipulators, operating in the shadows, pull the planet’s strings. You know that they are powerful enough to abuse children without fear of retribution. You know that the mainstream media are their handmaidens, in partnership with Hillary Clinton and the secretive denizens of the deep state. You know that only Donald Trump stands between you and a damned and ravaged world. You see plague and pestilence sweeping the planet, and understand that they are part of the plan. You know that a clash between good and evil cannot be avoided, and you yearn for the Great Awakening that is coming. And so you must be on guard at all times. You must shield your ears from the scorn of the ignorant. You must find those who are like you. And you must be prepared to fight. You know all this because you believe in Q. | Adam | Article | The Atlantic | 2020-06-06 | Adrienne LaFrance, Arsh Raziuddin | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 30/01/2022 17:29:49 | Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter | The rise of “fake news” is a major concern in contemporary Western democracies. Yet, research on the psychological motivations behind the spread of political fake news on social media is surprisingly limited. Are citizens who share fake news ignorant and lazy? Are they fueled by sinister motives, seeking to disrupt the social status quo? Or do they seek to attack partisan opponents in an increasingly polarized political environment? This article is the first to test these competing hypotheses based on a careful mapping of psychological profiles of over 2,300 American Twitter users linked to behavioral sharing data and sentiment analyses of more than 500,000 news story headlines. The findings contradict the ignorance perspective but provide some support for the disruption perspective and strong support for the partisan polarization perspective. Thus, individuals who report hating their political opponents are the most likely to share political fake news and selectively share content that is useful for derogating these opponents. Overall, our findings show that fake news sharing is fueled by the same psychological motivations that drive other forms of partisan behavior, including sharing partisan news from traditional and credible news sources. | Adam | Journal Article | Cambridge University Press | 2021-04-06 | Mathias Osmundsen, Alexander Bor, Peter Bjerregaard Vahlstrup, Anja Bechmann, Michael Bang Petersen | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 03/02/2022 09:45:17 | Iran accused of sowing Israel discontent with fake Jewish Facebook group | A suspected Iranian disinformation unit ran an elaborate network on Facebook targeting nationalist and ultra-religious Jews in Israel in an attempt to stoke division and inflame tensions with Palestinians, according to research shared exclusively with the BBC. | Adam | Article | BBC News | 2022-02-03 | Tom Bateman | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 04/02/2022 10:06:58 | U.S. accuses Russia of planning to film false attack as pretext for Ukraine invasion | Moscow is considering filming a fake attack against Russian territory or Russian-speaking people by Ukrainian forces as a pretext to invade its neighbor, the Biden administration said Thursday, warning that the resulting propaganda footage could include “graphic scenes of a staged false explosion with corpses.” | Adam | Article | The Washington Post | 2022-02-03 | Ellen Nakashima, Shane Harris, Ashley Parker, John Hudson, Paul Sonne | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 08/02/2022 18:22:20 | Thinking more or thinking differently? Using drift-diffusion modeling to illuminate why accuracy prompts decrease misinformation sharing | Recent experiments have found that prompting people to think about accuracy reduces the sharing of misinformation. The cognitive mechanism that produces this effect, however, remains unclear. Do accuracy prompts cause people to "stop and think," increasing deliberation? Or do they change what people think about, drawing attention to accuracy? Since these two accounts predict the same behavioral outcomes (i.e., increased sharing discernment following a prompt), we used computational modeling of sharing decisions with response time data, as well as out-of-sample ratings of headline perceived accuracy, to test the accounts' divergent predictions across six studies (N = 5633). The results suggest that accuracy prompts do not increase the amount of deliberation people engage in. Instead, they increase the weight participants put on accuracy while deliberating. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding how social media distracts people from considering accuracy, and provide evidence for scalable interventions that redirect people's attention. | Adam | Journal Article | PsyArXiv | 2022-02-03 | Hause Lin, Gordon Pennycook, David Rand | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 11/02/2022 12:06:16 | Joe Rogan’s Show May Be Dumb. But Is It Actually Deadly? | Nothing seems to move the needle on Americans’ vaccine convictions, no matter how beneficial or harmful. | Adam | Article | The Atlantic | 2022-02-10 | Daniel Engber | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/02/2022 02:33:19 | As U.S. ‘trucker convoy’ picks up momentum, foreign meddling adds to fray | Facebook said Friday it removed trucker and convoy groups run by overseas actors. Many anti-vaccine and conspiracy-driven groups have moved to embrace convoy organizing. | Adam | Article | NBC News | 2022-02-11 | Ben Collins | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 14/02/2022 10:03:44 | Ukraine crisis: How is Russia shaping the narrative? | As Russia continues its military build-up on Ukraine's border, it's also attempting to control the media narrative - but which parts are misleading? We've looked at some examples of the methods used by pro-Kremlin outlets. | Adam | Article | BBC News | 2022-02-23 | Kayleen Devlin, Olga Robinson | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 15/02/2022 14:36:56 | How to Combat Health Misinformation: A Psychological Approach | During the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become increasingly clear that misinformation presents a significant threat to public health.1,2 A much-cited example is that of COVID-19 vaccine uptake: belief in false or misleading statements about COVID-19 has been linked to reduced intentions to get vaccinated,3 to the point of potentially threatening herd immunity.4 More broadly, the spread of vaccine misinformation, such as the false belief that vaccines are linked to the development of autism in children, has contributed to some parents opting out of childhood vaccinations.5 | Adam | Journal Article | American Journal of Health Promotion | 2022-02-14 | Jon Roozenbeek, Sander van der Linden | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 24/02/2022 17:18:50 | Influencers played outsized role in pushing anti-vax conspiracies | A new report from a broad range of disinformation experts finds influencers across many topics — wellness, politics and religion — were largely responsible for spreading viral anti-vaccination content in the U.S. over the past two years. | Adam | Article | Axios | 2022-02-24 | Alison Snyder, Sara Fischer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 26/02/2022 09:40:26 | Scammy Instagram ‘war pages’ are capitalizing on Ukraine conflict | Just hours after the first explosions rocked Ukraine Wednesday night, massive Instagram meme pages began promoting an account purporting to be that of a journalist live-streaming from the ground. | Adam | Article | Input | 2022-02-25 | Taylor Lorenz | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 04/03/2022 21:54:10 | When Do Sources Persuade? The Effect of Source Credibility on Opinion Change | Discussions around declining trust in the US media can be vague about its effects. One classic answer comes from the persuasion literature, in which source credibility plays a key role. However, existing research almost universally takes credibility as a given. To overcome the potentially severe confounding that can result from this, we create a hypothetical news outlet and manipulate to what extent it is portrayed as credible. We then randomly assign subjects to read op-eds attributed to the source. Our credibility treatments are strong, increasing trust in our mock source until up to 10 days later. We find some evidence that the resulting higher perceived credibility boosts the persuasiveness of arguments about more partisan topics (but not for a less politicized issue). Though our findings are mixed, we argue that this experimental approach can fruitfully enhance our understanding of the interplay between source trust and opinion change over sustained periods. | Adam | Journal Article | Cambridge University Press | 2022-03-02 | Bernhard Clemm von Hohenberg, Andrew M. Guess | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/03/2022 17:01:08 | #Propaganda: Russia State-Controlled Media Flood TikTok With Ukraine Disinformation | In the lead up to and since the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, there have been numerous news reports and coverage highlighting how TikTok has been used to spread misinformation related to events on the ground. | Adam | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-03-02 | Ciarán O’Connor | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 07/03/2022 07:51:02 | Ukrainians Find That Relatives in Russia Don’t Believe It’s a War | Many Ukrainians are encountering a confounding and frustrating backlash from family members in Russia who have bought into the official Kremlin messaging. | Adam | Article | New York Times | 2022-03-06 | Valerie Hopkins | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 08/03/2022 13:27:04 | Gender-Based Disinformation: Advancing Our Understanding and Response | On June 10, the EU DisinfoLab co-hosted a Community Lab at RightsCon 2021 which focused on the intersection of disinformation and gender. This session emerged from the understanding that digital platforms represent an increasingly conflicted space where women, gender non-conforming people, and marginalised groups are disproportionately targeted and harassed. All too often these groups must either struggle to make their voices heard or fear for their safety when they do. The effect is that women and marginalised groups are leaving online spaces, forgoing their fundamental right to participate in civil and political life and the full enjoyment of their freedom of expression and opinion. Titled, “Gender and Disinformation: towards a gender-based approach for researchers, activists, and allies”, the session wished to give oxygen and validation to the emerging discussion on this topic and build a common position among the researchers, activists, journalists, and interested members of civil society. In a community dialogue format, we sought to better understand gendered disinformation, drawing on the diverse perspectives present to help account for the different aspects and geographies affected by the phenomenon. | Adam | Article | EU DisinfoLab | 2021-10-20 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/03/2022 14:21:29 | Russia’s disinformation machinery breaks down in wake of Ukraine invasion | Adam | Article | WIRED | 2022-03-10 | Tom Southern | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 14/03/2022 13:17:53 | From QAnon to anti-vax: Can you cure a conspiracy theorist? | In a time of unfettered misinformation, psychology could be the remedy we need to help people who have been radicalised online. | Adam | Article | The New Statesman | 2022-03-14 | Sarah Dawood | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 15/03/2022 14:50:24 | Russia’s new control tactic is the one Hannah Arendt warned us about 50 years ago | Fake fact-checks, designed to sow confusion, are Putin’s latest trick for undermining faith in media — and the truth | Adam | Article | The Washington Post | 2022-03-11 | Margaret Sullivan | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 18/03/2022 10:11:56 | Artists are provoking Nintendo and Disney to sue bots that steal artwork | Adam | Article | Polygon | 2019-12-05 | Jeff Ramos | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 22/03/2022 13:36:47 | Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation | The manipulation of public opinion over social media remains a critical threat to democracy. Over the past four years, we have monitored the global organization of social media manipulation by governments and political parties, and the various private companies and other organizations they work with to spread disinformation. Our 2020 report highlights the recent trends of computational propaganda across 81 countries and the evolving tools, capacities, strategies, and resources used to manipulate public opinion around the globe. We identify three key trends in this year’s inventory of disinformation activity: Cyber troop activity continues to increase around the world. This year, we found evidence of 81 countries using social media to spread computational propaganda and disinformation about politics. This has increased from last years’ report, in which we identified 70 countries with cyber troop activity. Over the last year, social media firms have taken important steps to combat the misuse of their platforms by cyber troops. Public announcements by Facebook and Twitter between January 2019 and December 2020 reveal that more than 317,000 accounts and pages have been removed by the platforms. Nonetheless, almost US $10 million has still been spent on political advertisements by cyber troops operating around the world. Private firms increasingly provide manipulation campaigns. Over the last year, we found forty- eight instances of private companies deploying computational propaganda on behalf of a political actor. Since 2018 there have been more than 65 firms offering computational propaganda as a service. In total, we have found almost US $60 million was spent on hiring these firms since 2009. | Adam | Journal Article | DemTech | 2021-01-13 | Samantha Bradshaw, Hannah Bailey, Philip N. Howard | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 22/03/2022 13:37:23 | INSIDE THE SHADOWY WORLD OF DISINFORMATION FOR HIRE IN KENYA | This research examines how Kenyan journalists, judges, and other members of civil society are facing coordinated disinformation and harassment campaigns on Twitter — and that Twitter is doing very little to stop it. The research provides a grim window into the booming and shadowy industry of Twitter influencers for political hire here in Kenya. | Adam | Journal Article | Mozilla Foundation | 2021-09-02 | Odanga Madung, Brian Obilo, Kevin Zawaki, Solana Larsen | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 24/03/2022 17:55:25 | Ukraine: Watching the war on Russian TV - a whole different story | Never was there a better illustration of the alternative reality presented by Russian state media than at 17:00 GMT on Tuesday. As BBC World TV opened its bulletin with reports of a Russian attack on a TV tower in the capital Kyiv, Russian TV was announcing that Ukraine was responsible for strikes on its own cities. So what are Russian TV viewers seeing of the war? What messages are they hearing over the airwaves? Below is a snapshot of what ordinary Russians would have picked up, on Tuesday 1 March, while channel-hopping across the country's key TV stations, which are controlled by the Kremlin and its corporate allies. | Adam | Article | BBC News | 2022-03-02 | Simona Kralova, Sandro Vetsko | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 26/03/2022 12:27:20 | The power of storytelling in public relations: Introducing the 20 master plots | Provides a detailed overview of principles of narrative theory in public relations. Identifies the “20 master plots” used by storytellers for millennia. Reviews emplotment, narrative theory, and Burkean identification and form. Provides examples of plot use in activist, for-profit, and nonprofit settings. Includes a table summarizing the 20 master plots. | Adam | Journal Article | Science Direct | 2015-11-01 | Michael L. Kent | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 27/03/2022 10:58:32 | Why you can't just ignore them | Recent events in the PHP community in the past few days have reminded me of an important point that bears repeating. Quite simply: There are always community standards, and if you are not upholding them then you are actively undermining them. | Adam | Article | @Crell | 2018-01-05 | Larry Garfield | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 27/03/2022 11:00:07 | Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web | Users organize themselves into communities on web platforms. These communities can interact with one another, often leading to conflicts and toxic interactions. However, little is known about the mechanisms of interactions between communities and how they impact users. Here we study intercommunity interactions across 36,000 com- munitiesonReddit,examiningcaseswhereusersofonecommun2i0ty are mobilized by negative sentiment to comment in another commu- nity. We show that such conflicts tend to be initiated by a handful of communities—less than 1% of communities start 74% of conflic0ts. While conflicts tend to be initiated by highly active community members, they are carried out by significantly less active members. We find that conflicts are marked by formation of echo chambers, −20 where users primarily talk to other users from their own commu- nity. In the long-term, conflicts have adverse effects and reduce the overall activity of users in the targeted communities. −40 Our analysis of user interactions also suggests strategies for mit- igating the negative impact of conflicts—such as increasing direct engagement between attackers and defenders. Further, we accu- rately predict whether a conflict will occur by creating a novel LSTM model that combines graph embeddings, user, community, and text features. This model can be used to create early-warning systems for community moderators to prevent conflicts. Altogether, this work presents a data-driven view of community interactions and conflict, and paves the way towards healthier online communities. | Adam | Journal Article | The Web Conference | 2018-03-09 | Srijan Kumar, William L. Hamilton, Jure Leskovec, Dan Jurafsky | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 29/03/2022 11:52:29 | Stop talking about fake news! | Since 2016, there has been an explosion of academic work that fixes its subject matter using the terms ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’. In this paper, I argue that this terminology is not up to scratch, and that academics and journalists ought to completely stop using the terms ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’. I set out three arguments for abandonment. First, that ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’ do not have stable public meanings, entailing that they are either nonsense, context-sensitive, or contested. Secondly, that these terms are unnecessary, because we already have a rich vocabulary for thinking about epistemic dysfunction. Thirdly, I observe that ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’ have propagandistic uses, meaning that using these terms legitimates anti-democratic propaganda, and risks smuggling bad ideology into conversations. | Adam | Journal Article | An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy | 2018-07-05 | Joshua Habgood-Coote | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 31/03/2022 16:12:52 | FLAT EARTHERS ARGUE TREES DON'T EXIST. THEY'RE NOT WRONG. | LAST MONTH, A YOUTUBER FROM CRIMEA COMMENCED A CONSPIRACY WHEN THEY POSTED A VIDEO CALLED “THERE ARE NO FORESTS ON FLAT EARTH WAKE UP.” IN AN INSTANT, THE WORLDVIEW OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE FLIPPED UPSIDE DOWN. | Adam | Article | Inverse | 2016-09-19 | Jacqueline Ronson | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 06/04/2022 12:52:30 | Matthew Coleman, The Dad Who Allegedly Killed Kids Over QAnon Theories, 'Deteriorated Rapidly': Friend | Adam | Article | People | 2022-02-04 | Steve Helling | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 06/04/2022 15:05:36 | The big business of disinformation | In a world of user-generated content, the battle over public opinion is in the comment threads, not the front pages | Adam | Article | WIRED | 2017-06-10 | Carl Miller | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 06/04/2022 21:00:05 | Fake News about our Fake News Study Spread Faster than its Truth… Just as We Predicted. | Adam | Journal Article | Sinan Aral | 2022-04-06 | Sinan Aral | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 15/04/2022 17:15:24 | Russia’s QAnon Followers Can’t Make Up Their Minds About Ukraine | Hours after Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, what looked like a reassuring plea for peace was posted on a popular Russian Telegram channel. | Adam | Article | Bellingcat | 2022-04-15 | Aiganysh Aidarbekova | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 20/04/2022 13:48:12 | Snap judgements: how audiences who lack trust in news navigate information on digital platforms | People around the world have access to a variety and volume of information like never before. Navigating this abundance of sources online poses real challenges, especially amid widespread fears of misinformation and outright disinformation. Some have clear, go-to news sources they generally trust to provide them with accurate information. For them, trust serves as an ‘institutional economiser’ of sorts, eliminating the need to independently verify information themselves (Coleman 2012; Rosanvallon 2008). But less is known about how those who lack trust in most news sources – a sizeable and possibly growing percentage of the population in many countries (Toff et al. 2021c) – form assessments around which sources to attend to and which to ignore. Moreover, crowded digital information environments where platforms, especially big platforms such as Facebook and Google, loom large, pose unique challenges for news organisations that seek to stand out and sustain trusting relationships with audiences. In this report, we qualitatively examine how audiences who lack trust in most news organisations in their countries navigate the digital information environment, especially how they make sense of the news they encounter while using social media, messaging applications, or search engines. Drawing on a sample of 100 individuals in four countries – Brazil, India, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) – we centre on how they use Facebook, WhatsApp, and Google, based on a unique interviewing approach anchored in their concrete everyday experiences. Participants were asked to describe and respond to what they actually saw on their screens as they navigated these platforms in real time while speaking to members of our research team. This research is focused on individuals with minimal trust in most news sources and below- average interest in politics – a population often neglected in audience research since these individuals tend to be least likely to consume news. However, for that same reason, understanding the way they encounter and engage with information online is of particular importance. Indeed, in line with prior survey-based research (Toff et al. 2021c), we found these individuals tended to be indifferent towards, or even opposed to, the idea of receiving news through platforms, which they said they primarily used for other purposes. What we found is that when they did encounter news on platforms and sought to assess how credible the information might be, they often relied on cues for making quick, in-the-moment judgements, which were particularly important since many of these users rarely clicked through to the original sources of news. The mental shortcuts people discussed, summarised in Figure 1, involved (1) pre-existing ideas they held about news in general or specific news brands (where the information was coming from), but also several other factors: (2) social cues from family and friends (who shared or engaged with the news), (3) the tone and wording of headlines (whether or not it was perceived as clickbait), (4) the use of visuals (which they often saw as important evidence for what could or could not be trusted), and (5) the presence of advertising (whether or not information appeared to be sponsored). Additional (6) platform-specific cues also played a role in shaping judgements about what to trust. These involved design decisions around how information appears on platforms (e.g. what labels appear, what is given most prominence), which in turn affect many of these other cues. These platform-specific cues varied considerably depending on each platform’s unique features. For example, given how participants used Facebook and WhatsApp, they often relied on additional kinds of social cues (e.g. number of likes or comments) or labels, which in turn were absent when it came to Google, where the platform’s ranking of search results played a more significant orienting role. We also found that many said they depended on Google as a verification tool to validate or investigate information encountered on other platforms in cases when it was deemed interesting or important enough. This practice gave many added confidence in their own abilities to suss out what is true and what is false, despite distrusting most professional sources of news. Although our focus in this report is on a large minority who lack trust in most news in their country – the least trusting 25% as defined in Toff et al. (2021c) – these findings highlight considerations that we believe are much more widely shared. The snap judgements we observed people making when evaluating information on platforms will likely resonate with many readers, even those who access news much more regularly. What is particularly important about these considerations is that they are quite distinct and even upstream from the trust-building strategies publishers often focus on – strategies that often require a level of attention to news organisations’ journalistic practices that can be expected of only the most engaged news consumers. These ways of navigating news and information often presuppose levels of knowledge and skill when navigating platforms that are unevenly distributed among users. While some of the cues that platform users rely on may be beyond the scope of what news organisations have influence over – putting the onus on platforms themselves – other indicators are very much within the scope of publishers’ control but require them to be more attuned to the way their content is exhibited in these digital spaces. | Adam | Journal Article | Reuters | 2022-04-04 | Dr Amy Ross Arguedas, Dr Sumitra Badrinathan, Dr Camila Mont'Alverne, Dr Benjamin Toff, Dr Richard Fletcher, Prof. Rasmus Kleis Nielsen | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 10:53:38 | ‘Ghostwriter’ Looks Like a Purely Russian Op—Except It's Not | Adam | Article | WIRED | 2021-11-16 | Lily Hay Newman | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 10:54:09 | War without blood | The alternative truth about Germany is generated by a man who lives in Crimea. This truth maintains that Germany has weapons of mass destruction, that almost all refugees are criminal, and that Angela Merkel instigates fights. With this truth, this man wants to impact the next Bundestag election from Crimea. His chances for success aren’t that bad. | Adam | Article | Zeit | 2017-02-26 | Patrick Beuth, Marc Brost, Peter Dausend, Steffen Dobbert, Götz Hamann | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 10:55:12 | INFLUENCE FOR SALE: Bot Shopping on the Darknet | How vendors are selling social media influence and reach for profit on the Darknet | Adam | Article | DFRLab | 2017-06-19 | Donara Barojan | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 10:56:46 | Shifting Stories on the “Spanish Donbas” | How Russian media shifted narrative as the prospect of Catalan independence declined | Adam | Article | DFRLab | 2017-11-10 | Donara Barojan | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 10:57:10 | SOUTH FRONT – RUSSIA HIDING BEING RUSSIAN | The website Southfront.org is focusing on news on security issues, foreign policy, military analysis and reports on military hardware. According to the Mission Statement, the site is produced by a “team of experts and volunteers from the four corners of the Earth“. The site attacks the “Mainstream Media” for hiding the “truth behind the causes that provoke the various conflicts facing the world today“. The site is professionally designed and registered in Moscow, at the Domain Name Registrar Reg.ru. South Front is frequently featured in our database of cases of disinformation. In the summer of 2018, the site claimed Ukraine was planning a massacre on a EU delegation, visiting an area, close to separatist-held territories. Anything published on the South Front is carefully following the Kremlin Talking Points; for instance sharing verbatim the statement of the Russian MFA Spokesperson Mariya Zakharova on the fifth anniversary of the illegal annexation of Crimea. | Adam | Article | EUvsDisinfo | 2022-04-08 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 10:57:37 | How a Global Hard-Right Christian Group Helped Cancel a Sex Education Play | “We should absolutely be concerned about the infiltration of ultra-conservative networks into British politics,” counter-extremism experts told VICE World News. | Adam | Article | Vice News | 2022-04-28 | Sophia Smith Galer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:00:27 | Meet the woman behind Libs of TikTok, secretly fueling the right’s outrage machine | Libs of TikTok reposts a steady stream of TikTok videos and social media posts, primarily from LGBTQ+ people, often including incendiary framing designed to generate outrage. Videos shared from the account quickly find their way to the most influential names in right-wing media. The account has emerged as a powerful force on the Internet, shaping right-wing media, impacting anti-LGBTQ+ legislation and influencing millions by posting viral videos aimed at inciting outrage among the right. | Adam | Article | The Washington Post | 2022-04-19 | Taylor Lorenz | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:08:50 | How Tucker Carlson Stoked White Fear to Conquer Cable | Adam | Article | New York Times | 2022-04-30 | Nicholas Confessore | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:09:05 | How Tucker Carlson Reshaped Fox News — and Became Trump’s Heir | Adam | Article | New York Times | 2022-04-30 | Nicholas Confessore | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:10:08 | Tucker Carlson season 3 | Adam | Article | New York Times | 2022-04-30 | Nicholas Confessore | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:10:58 | Online Information Laundering: The Role of Social Media | Russia’s ability to successfully conduct hybrid warfare is predicated on the creation of a fog of ambiguity between the Kremlin’s actions and the Kremlin itself. By conducting operations through an ad hoc network of proxies, carve-outs, and cutouts — whose connection to the Kremlin is difficult to definitively establish — the Russian government is able to maintain plausible deniability and thus lower the diplomatic and military costs of its actions. It is a strategy with deep roots: maskirovka — a Soviet-era military doctrine that translates as “mask” or “masquerade” — established operational deceit as a core tenet of both conventional and irregular warfare. While modern maskirovka is most commonly associated with the use of “little green men” to occupy Crimea, it is a tactic that is also deeply ingrained in the Kremlin’s ongoing disinformation campaign against the United States and Europe. This presents an obvious challenge: How can the West respond to an adversary who denies even being present on the battlefield? | Adam | Article | Alliance for Securing Democracy | 2018-01-09 | Kirill Meleshevich, Bret Schafer | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:11:41 | To Make Your Conspiracy Theory Legit, Just Find an 'Expert' | "MIT PROFESSOR EXPOSES ‘Egregious Error’ & Evidence Tampering in US Report on Syria Sarin Incident." Pretty good headline, right? You've got a qualified expert from a prestigious university, discussing verifiable facts; even if you're a born skeptic, you're going to head into that news story with at least a crumb of trust in its accuracy. Maybe, you think, this expert knows something everybody else missed about April's chemical-weapons attack in a rebel-held part of Syria—the one many nations accused Syrian president Bashar al-Assad of having ordered. But in this case, at least, that trust would be misplaced. | Adam | Article | WIRED | 2017-05-31 | Emma Grey Ellis | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:12:13 | Russia’s strategy for influence through public diplomacy and active measures: the Swedish case | Russia, as many contemporary states, takes public diplomacy seriously. Since the inception of its English language TV network Russia Today in 2005 (now ‘RT’), the Russian government has broadened its operations to include Sputnik news websites in several languages and social media activities. Moscow, however, has also been accused of engaging in covert influence activities – behaviour historically referred to as ‘active measures’ in the Soviet KGB lexicon on political warfare. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on how Russia since 2014 has moved towards a preference for active measures towards Sweden, a small country in a geopolitically important European region. We analyse the blurring of boundaries between public diplomacy and active measures; document phenomena such as forgeries, disinformation, military threats and agents of influence and define Russian foreign policy strategy. In summary, we conclude that the overarching goal of Russian policy towards Sweden and the wider Baltic Sea is to preserve the geostrategic status quo, which is identified with a security order minimising NATO presence in the region. | Adam | Journal Article | Journal of Strategic Studies | 2017-01-05 | Martin Kragh, Sebastian Åsberg | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:12:35 | Cloaked science: the Yan reports | This paper describes a 2020 disinformation campaign promoting the unsubstantiated claim that the novel coronavirus is the product of a Chinese bioweapons program. Exploiting a vulnerability in open-access scientific publishing, the campaign was based on papers posted to an online preprint repository designed to accelerate the diffusion of scientific knowledge. This provided the campaign with an air of scientific legitimacy, helped it reach millions of Americans, and muddied public discourse over the origins of SARS-CoV-2. This case study offers insights into the tactics and practices of media manipulation, the contested nature of modern epistemic systems, the interplay of technical and social systems, and the vulnerability of open systems to manipulation. | Adam | Journal Article | Information, Communication & Society | 2022-04-27 | Jennifer Nilsen, Joan Donovan, Rob Faris | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:12:58 | A short review of the infosphere-based information and psychological operations targeting relations between Poland and Ukraine | In this report, we present a short review of the infosphere-based information and psychological operations targeting relations between Poland and Ukraine. This report and the presentation contain the expert view of the Info Ops Polska Foundation, which may not constitute the official view of the Polish government. To manipulate and influence relations between Poland and Ukraine and between our nations, Russians target all areas of the infosphere: virtual area (cyberspace), physical area (physical actions and events) and cognitive area (the way we interpret events and make decisions based on these interpretations). In this report, we review the main characteristics of their activities, we share our data on the messaging dynamics and we share examples of messaging and activities in the virtual and physical spheres. We also describe one of the advanced information distribution and replication model, which we believe Russia uses to saturate the virtual sphere with manipulative messaging and to influence the cognitive sphere of Poles in relation to their view of Ukraine and Ukrainians. | Adam | Article | Info Ops Polska | 2019-07-17 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:13:42 | LIE, MANIPULATE, SPREAD, CHANGE, SPREAD AGAIN | Penetration of the information space by pro-Kremlin actors goes far beyond using state-funded media or a troll factory. As shown in the new report by Info Ops Polska, disinformation messages can be spread by multiple actors using a variety of tools – so that at the end of the day, its recipients cannot see its original source or its fake ventilation. Authors of the report take a look at one of the hot-button issues in Poland, frequently exploited by disinformation campaigns: namely, Ukrainian-Polish history and relations. It traces the road that pro-Kremlin narratives travel across cyberspace. | Adam | Article | EUvsDisinfo | 2019-07-29 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:16:44 | Russia's Footprint in the Nordic-Baltic Information Environment 2019/2020 | Adam | Journal Article | Nato StratCom | 2020-10-12 | Ivo Juurvee, Belén Carrasco Rodríguez, Māris Cepurītis, Austris Keišs, Diana Marnot, Scott Ruston | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:16:58 | FROM INFORMATION LAUNDERING TO INFLUENCE ACTIVITIES: RUSSIA’S FOOTPRINTS IN NORDIC-BALTIC COUNTRIES | Adam | Article | EUvsDisinfo | 2020-12-01 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:17:15 | DISINFORMATION TO CONCEAL WAR CRIMES: RUSSIA IS LYING ABOUT ATROCITIES IN BUCHA | Adam | Article, Audio / Podcast | EUvsDisinfo | 2022-04-07 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:17:41 | PRO-KREMLIN DISINFORMATION OUTLETS REFERENCED BY HUNDREDS OF WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES | Adam | Article, Audio / Podcast | EUvsDisinfo | 2022-04-19 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:19:13 | Research exposes long-term failure of Russian propaganda in Ukraine’s Donbas region | A study of the Russian propaganda that flooded Donbas for years reveals a failure to build pro-Russian “in-group” identities in region, despite Putin’s claims of support. | Adam | Journal Article | Cambridge University Press | 2022-05-03 | Jon Roozenbeek | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:19:33 | How high-profile scientists felt tricked by group denying climate change | Adam | Article | BBC News | 2022-04-26 | Marco Silva, Merlyn Thomas | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:20:03 | How high-profile scientists felt tricked by group denying climate change | VIDEO VERSION OF THE REPORT | Adam | Video | BBC News | 2022-04-27 | Marco Silva, Merlyn Thomas | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:20:24 | Ukrainians Find That Relatives in Russia Don’t Believe It’s a War | Adam | Article | New York Times | 2022-03-06 | Valerie Hopkins | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:21:12 | The rise of “trafficking” language in ballot collection narratives | Adam | Journal Article | Center for an Informed Public | 2022-04-30 | Mike Caulfield, Kayla Duskin, Stephen Prochaska, Scott Philips Johnson, Annie Denton, Zarine Kharazian, Kate Starbird | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:21:26 | THE BUCHA MASSACRE: HOW TO DEFLECT ATTENTION IN POLAND | Adam | Article, Audio / Podcast | EUvsDisinfo | 2022-04-12 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 12/05/2022 11:21:40 | Researchers: Nearly Half Of Accounts Tweeting About Coronavirus Are Likely Bots | Adam | Article | npr | 2020-05-20 | Bobby Allyn | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 14/05/2022 15:18:23 | This Video Will Make You Angry | "What Makes Online Content Viral?" By Jonah A. Berger & Katherine L. Milkman | Adam | Video | CGP Grey | 2015-03-10 | CGP Grey | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 14/05/2022 15:59:44 | Internet communities are battling over pixels | Coordinated Co ordinated co-ordinated user action. Wapo paywall | Adam | Article | The Washington Post | 2022-04-04 | Taylor Lorenz | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 14/05/2022 16:19:19 | ‘Ghostwriter’ Influence Campaign: Unknown Actors Leverage Website Compromises and Fabricated Content to Push Narratives Aligned with Russian Security Interests | Mandiant Threat Intelligence has tied together several information operations that we assess with moderate confidence comprise part of a broader influence campaign, ongoing since at least March 2017, aligned with Russian security interests. The operations have primarily targeted audiences in Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland with anti-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) narratives, often leveraging website compromises or spoofed email accounts to disseminate fabricated content, including falsified correspondence from military officials. • We have dubbed this campaign “Ghostwriter,” based on its use of inauthentic personas posing as locals, journalists, and analysts within the target countries to post articles and op-eds referencing the fabrications as source material to a core set of third-party websites that publish user-generated content. • In this report we outline the key tactics, techniques, and procedures we have observed used in the Ghostwriter campaign and summarize incidents and personas that we believe are part of the larger activity set. We continue to investigate multiple other suspected Ghostwriter operations and personas that are not detailed here. | Adam | Journal Article | FireEye | 2020-07-29 | Unattributed | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 03/05/2022 16:20:55 | I've examined the #DurhamPartyGate hashtag, wanting to know more about how it started to trend, and whats being said. I found quite a few interesting things... 🧵 | Adam | Tweets | @cshoggard | 2022-04-28 | Dr. Christian Hoggard | Inauthentic Trend | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 03/05/2022 16:21:48 | The rise of “trafficking” language in ballot collection narratives | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | Centre for an Informed Public | 2022-04-30 | Mike Caulfield, Kayla Duskin, Stephen Prochaska, Scott Philips Johnson, Annie Denton, Zarine Kharazian, Kate Starbird | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 03/05/2022 16:23:10 | Let's break down the Kremlin propaganda piece published today by @guardian. It's authored by an ex-PR advisor to the Kremlin, Angus Roxburgh. And it's quite indicative of how the "export" variant of Russian propaganda works. | Pro russia article re ukraine in guardian | Adam | Information Laundering | Tweets | @DMokryk | Danylo Mokryk | 2022-04-27 | Danylo Mokryk | Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 03/05/2022 16:25:32 | How a Global Hard-Right Christian Group Helped Cancel a Sex Education Play | How a (US) Global Hard-Right Christian Group Helped Cancel a (British) Sex Education Play | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | Vice News | 2022-04-28 | Sophia Smith Galer | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 03/05/2022 16:27:02 | Unbelievable! Check out this #climatedenial masquerading as historical science from The Telegraph, 18th April. Paraphrased - "we dealt with some #climatechange in the past, so perhaps we can deal with human-caused climate change now" (1/3) | Climate denial masquerading as historical science | Adam | Information Laundering | Tweets | @stopfundingheat | 2022-04-28 | StopFundingHeat | Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 03/05/2022 16:30:30 | I worked at @NPR headquarters years ago and I was always struck by this problem. In an effort to maintain "balanced" reporting, stories would often present a fact from one side the debate & a falsehood from the other. Truth needs to take precedence over "hearing all sides." | I was always struck by this problem. In an effort to maintain balanced" reporting, stories would often present a fact from one side the debate & a falsehood from the other. Truth needs to take precedence over "hearing all sides."" | Adam | Narrative - False Equivalence | Tweets | @mishacollins | 2022-03-13 | Misha Collins | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 11:50:11 | libsoftiktok pushing traffic to north macedonian content farms | libsoftiktok pushing traffic to north macedonian content farms with source cited | Adam | Information Laundering | Tweets | @maxzzze | 2022-04-19 | Max | Amplification via Influencer, Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 12:22:49 | Contra Chrome | Website accessibly detailing how Chrome tracks you, and how that data can be used against you. | Adam | Gather User Data To Identify Influence Targets | Article | Contra Chrome | 2022-02-01 | Leah Elliott | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 12:27:11 | Internet ‘algospeak’ is changing our language in real time, from ‘nip nops’ to ‘le dollar bean’ | Basically changing the way you speak to avoid algorithms. "Internet ‘algospeak’ is changing our language in real time, from ‘nip nops’ to ‘le dollar bean’" | Adam | Use “Algospeak” to avoid automated content moderation | Article | The Washington Post | 2022-04-08 | Taylor Lorenz | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 12:30:08 | Singal and the Noise | Info Laundering w/ trans narrative + other links to studies maybe | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | Protean | 2022-04-22 | M.K. Anderson | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 12:30:48 | Pro-kremlin Disinformation Outlets Referenced by Hundreds of Wikipedia Articles | Infolaund Wikipedia cites loads of pro kremlin websites | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | EUvsDisinfo | 2022-04-19 | Unattributed | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 04/05/2022 12:32:54 | If people are told a story MIGHT or COULD become true in the future, they find it less unethical to share in the present | "If people are told a story MIGHT or COULD become true in the future, they find it less unethical to share in the present!" Understanding research into why people are OK posting bullshit online could be useful. | Adam | Tweets | @Sander_vdLinden | 2022-04-27 | Sander van der Linden | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 12:36:02 | How Democracies Spy on Their Citizens | How Democracies Spy on Their Citizens - The inside story of the world’s most notorious commercial spyware and the big tech companies waging war against it. | Adam | Gather User Data To Identify Influence Targets | Domestic Government (targeting Domestic Citizens) | Article | The New Yorker | 2022-04-18 | Ronan Farrow | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 14:40:14 | Our new research on how people come to view potentially harmful YouTube channels | This article might actually be contrary to "It's the algorithm's fault" | Adam | Algorithm Recommending Inauthentic / Extremist Content - Youtube | Information Laundering | Tweets | @BrendanNyhan | 2022-04-21 | Brendan Nyhan | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/05/2022 14:46:11 | Algorithms as a Weapon Against Women: How YouTube Lures Boys and Young Men into the ‘Manosphere’ | This research documents how YouTube’s algorithms contribute to promoting misogynistic, anti-feminist and other extremist content to Australian boys and young men. Using experimental accounts, this research tracks the content that YouTube, and their new ‘YouTube Shorts’ feature, routinely recommends to boys and young men. | Adam | Algorithm Recommending Inauthentic / Extremist Content - Youtube | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-04-27 | Elise Thomas, Kata Balint | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 12:14:28 | In the crosshairs of Azerbaijan’s patriotic trolls | Harassment via Hashtag Hijacking - "Attendees of a recent conference in Warsaw experienced this first-hand. The OSCE’s Human Rights Dimension Meeting was held from 19 to 30 September, and Azerbaijan was one of several countries under discussion. Some 35 Azerbaijani trolls hijacked the official #HDIM2016 hashtag, sharing graphic war photographs of decapitated children and raped women to distract from the topic at hand. The trolls demanded western recognition of Armenia’s illegal occupation of Azerbaijani territory and the status of internally displaced people from Karabakh." | Adam | Harassment | Article | openDemocracy | Hashtag Hijacking | 2016-11-22 | Arzu Geybulla | Harassment | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 12:17:58 | Iran accused of sowing Israel discontent with fake Jewish Facebook group | Iran accused of sowing Israel discontent with fake Jewish Facebook group | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Community | Article | BBC News | 2022-02-03 | Tom Bateman | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 12:20:16 | Tracking Exposed: Demanding That the Gods Explain Themselves | “Algospeak” is a new English dialect that emerged from the desperate attempts of social media users to “please the algorithm”: that is, to avoid words and phrases that cause social media platforms’ algorithms to suppress or block their communication. | Adam | Use “Algospeak” to avoid automated content moderation | Article | EFF - Electronic Frontier Foundation | 2022-05-02 | Cory Doctorow | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 12:25:05 | TikTok is letting payday lenders prey on financially vulnerable users | Inauthentic advertising manipulating financially vulnerable people on TikTok using targeted advertising | Adam | Gather User Data To Identify Influence Targets | Article | Media Matters | 2022-05-04 | Olivia Little | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 12:25:47 | Data Broker Is Selling Location Data of People Who Visit Abortion Clinics | Data Broker Is Selling Location Data of People Who Visit Abortion Clinics | Adam | Gather User Data To Identify Influence Targets | Article | Vice News | 2022-04-03 | Joseph Cox | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 12:27:10 | I stumbled across a Libs of TikTok copycat account called “Pro-Aborts of Tiktok." It appears the account was created by anti-choice group Live Action. The acct was 1st followed by Live Action, its founder & former Project Veritas crony Lila Rose, & its dir. of government affairs | Someone on Twitter essentially finding a group being created which mimics Libs of TT's success and doesn't reveal who's behind it. | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Community | Tweets | @justinhorowitz_ | 2022-05-03 | Justin Horowitz | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 13:40:59 | Crowdsourced Twitter study reveals shocking scale of online abuse against women | Crowdsourced Twitter study reveals shocking scale of online abuse against women | Adam | Harassment | Article | Amnesty International | 2018-12-18 | Unattributed | Harassment | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 13:43:30 | The Time I Told Twitter About a Threatening Post Against Me | Harassment Impact - People pulling out of online discussion | Adam | Harassment | Article | New York Times | 2022-04-01 | Charles Blow | Harassment | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:34:28 | Ukraine war: Investigation finds hundreds of fake charity websites | Ukraine war: Investigation finds hundreds of fake charity websites. EMOTIVE NARRATIVES | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation - Charity | Article | BBC News | 2022-05-05 | Angus Crawford, Tony Smith | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:35:43 | Deplorable scam emails fake fundraising for Ukraine | Deplorable scam emails fake fundraising for Ukraine | Adam | Article | BBC News | 2022-03-23 | Shiona McCallum | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:36:57 | Ukraine war: Fraudsters exploit crisis to steal money | Ukraine war: Fraudsters exploit crisis to steal money | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation, Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation - Charity | Article | BBC News | 2022-03-18 | Kevin Peachey | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:39:03 | How Russian Disinformation Goes From the Kremlin to QAnon to Fox News | How Russian Disinformation Goes From the Kremlin to QAnon to Fox News | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | The Daily Beast | 2022-03-21 | Jared Holt | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 14:41:37 | How Alex Jones’ Conspiracy Empire Has Kept Itself Going Even While Being Banned From Social Media | How Alex Jones’ Conspiracy Empire Has Kept Itself Going Even While Being Banned From Social Media | Adam | Article | The Daily Beast | 2022-04-29 | Jared Holt | Calibrate: Aggressor | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:49:53 | Meet @gabby_ucm, a Twitter account with a GAN-generated profile pic that has gained over 20 thousand followers since being created in September 2021. (GAN = "generative adversarial network", the technique used by https://thispersondoesnotexist.com to produce fake faces) #FridayShenaniGANs | Cool OSINT explanation w/ AI face. Successful Shelf Account found. | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Follow Trains to Build Audience, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use AI Generated Images for Profile Pictures | Tweets | @conspirator0 | 2022-01-29 | Conspirador Norteño | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:51:10 | We've done a decent amount of research on the use of GAN-generated images over the last two years, mostly fake face "photos" such as those produced by thispersondoesnotexist(dot)com. Here are all of our related threads in one place. | LOADS of Twitter threads on AI Generated PFPs on Twitter with different narratives. | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use AI Generated Images for Profile Pictures | Tweets | @conspirator0 | 2020-11-01 | Conspirador Norteño | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:51:54 | Follow trains are used by a variety of Twitter users to grow their reach. Some trains connect users from a given country or who share a political agenda, while others aim to maximize follower gains regardless of who the followers are. | Detailed explanation of follow trains w/ potential attribution | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Follow Trains to Build Audience | Tweets | @conspirator0 | 2022-01-22 | Conspirador Norteño | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 14:53:35 | Conspiracy Clickbait: This One Weird Trick Will Undermine Democracy | This report series explores three case studies of how networks linked to individuals in Vietnam are using QAnon conspiracy theories and US political disinformation to generate revenue. These case studies illustrate that although the motive may be commercial, the effect of such networks is to deepen political division and amplify conspiracy theories and disinformation. While each individual network may only have a small impact, the cumulative impact of many such networks around the world may be profound. This growing industry is disproportionately targeted at the US, and therefore should be of particular concern for US policymakers and practitioners. | Adam | Clickbait | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-01-19 | Elise Thomas | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 15:11:58 | How Russia and Right-Wing Americans Converged on War in Ukraine | How Russia and Right-Wing Americans Converged on War in Ukraine - Some conservatives have echoed the Kremlin’s misleading claims about the war and vice versa, giving each other’s assertions a sheen of credibility. | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | New York Times | 2022-03-23 | Sheera Frenkel, Stuart Thompson | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 15:41:23 | Irony Poisoning - How a generation has lost the ability for sincerity, and how to clamber back out. | Irony Poisoning How a generation has lost the ability for sincerity, and how to clamber back out. | Adam | Article | Allen Forstel | 2020-10-05 | Allen Forstel | Irony Poisoning | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 15:42:22 | Should We All Be Taking ‘Irony Poisoning’ More Seriously? | Should We All Be Taking ‘Irony Poisoning’ More Seriously? | Adam | Article | New York Times | 2018-07-23 | Max Fisher, Amanda Taub | Irony Poisoning | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 15:43:01 | Irony Poisoning - Lame jokes won’t save us from the existential void | Irony Poisoning Lame jokes won’t save us from the existential void | Adam | Article | Kit Wilson | 2022-01-14 | Kit Wilson | Irony Poisoning | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 15:45:38 | Deadly serious': Ex neo-Nazi and Iron March user speaks out on de-radicalization | Deadly serious': Ex neo-Nazi and Iron March user speaks out on de-radicalization | Adam | Article | CTV News | 2019-12-04 | Christy Somos | Irony Poisoning | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 15:46:23 | On being diagnosed with irony poisoning | On being diagnosed with irony poisoning | Adam | Article | diggit magazine | 2019-03-14 | Piia Varis | Irony Poisoning | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 15:47:05 | Two days after a close associate of theirs was arrested at the Coutts blockade and gear featuring their logo was seized, members of the Diagolon network are on the defensive, with some claiming the movement is nothing more than a joke. Good time for a 🧵 on irony poisoning! | Twitter thread on Irony Poisoning | Adam | Tweets | @quintal_etienne | 2022-02-16 | Étienne Quintal | Irony Poisoning | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 15:48:00 | Anatomy of a death threat | Anatomy of a death threat | Adam | Harassment | Article, Infographic | Reuters | 2021-12-30 | Peter Eisler, Jason Szep, Linda So, Sam Hart | Harassment | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 15:54:44 | The Murky Origin Story of #IstandwithRussia | To skew public debate, fake accounts & media outlets circumvented moderation, flying under the radar for 7 years before achieving prominence in the first days of the Russian invasion. | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-05-05 | Unattributed | Inauthentic Trend | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 15:59:36 | Enlisting Useful Idiots: The Ties between Online Harassment and Disinformation | Enlisting Useful Idiots: The Ties between Online Harassment and Disinformation | Adam | Harassment | Journal Article | Colorado Technology Law Journal | 2021-01-29 | Brittan Heller | Harassment | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 16:02:55 | A classic example of a misleading headline in Rus state media on #Ukraine: “Brits compared Russian and NATO armies and decided not to defend Ukraine”. But who are these “Brits”? Turns out these are commenters underneath a Daily Express article… | Comments under UK news articles are reported on as evidence of UK attitudes. This is obviously unreliable data. | Adam | Comments on News Articles, Narrative - Narrative Built on Statistical Fallacy | Tweets | @O_Rob1nson | Comments on News Articles | 2022-02-02 | Olga Robinson | Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 05/05/2022 16:04:25 | Thinking more or thinking differently? Using drift-diffusion modeling to illuminate why accuracy prompts decrease misinformation sharing | MITIGATION - Recent experiments have found that prompting people to think about accuracy reduces the sharing of misinformation. The cognitive mechanism that produces this effect, however, remains unclear. Do accuracy prompts cause people to "stop and think," increasing deliberation? Or do they change what people think about, drawing attention to accuracy? | Adam | Journal Article | PsyArXiv | 2022-03-07 | Hause Lin, Gordon Pennycook, David Rand | Calibrate: Defender | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 05/05/2022 16:11:09 | [Thread] a short story about pandemic misinformation & biased reporting | A very good thread showing the fallout of statistical bullshit being reported in lots of different media outlets | Adam | Narrative - Narrative Built on Statistical Fallacy | Tweets | @orla_hegarty | 2022-02-12 | Orla Hegarty | Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 09/05/2022 09:50:47 | This whole "the NYT ruined Wordle!" thing is a great case study in confirmation bias. It also gives us some insight into human nature that helps explain how conspiracy theories work. | Confirmation Bias with regards to WORDLE --- 1) What feels true is not always what's actually true. 2) We tend to give too much weight to recent experience, which can lead us to wrong conclusions. 3) Recognizing and accounting for our preconceived biases is essential to the process of finding truth. | Adam | Tweets | @mjshally | 2022-02-20 | Matthew Shallenberger | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 09/05/2022 10:02:01 | Metadata shows pro-Russian separatists filmed evacuation video days earlier | Metadata shows pro-Russian separatists filmed evacuation video days earlier | Adam | Article | Axios | Fabricated Content | 2022-02-18 | Zachary Basu | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 09/05/2022 10:02:40 | The Internet Is Debunking Russian War Propaganda in Real Time | The Internet Is Debunking Russian War Propaganda in Real Time | Adam | Article | Vice News | Fabricated Content | 2022-02-22 | Matthew Gault | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 09/05/2022 10:04:01 | Autopsied bodies and false flags: How pro-Russian disinformation spreads chaos in Ukraine | Autopsied bodies and false flags: How pro-Russian disinformation spreads chaos in Ukraine | Adam | Comments on News Articles | Article | Grid | Comments on News Articles | 2022-02-23 | Anya van Wagtendonk, Jason Paladino | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:01:52 | Ukraine war: The stolen faces used to promote Vladimir Putin | Ukraine war: The stolen faces used to promote Vladimir Putin | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Stolen Images for Profile Pictures | Legitimate users who agree with the message shared, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Automate Amplification with Bots | Article | BBC News | 2022-05-10 | Juliana Gragnani, Medhavi Arora, Seraj Ali | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:10:51 | OZY CEO Carlos Watson today tweeted out a very positive article, published by http://techbullion.com, about OZY's planned redesign, and its efforts related to ethics and transparency. The story is credited to writer "Hugh Grant," who uses a free stock image as his author photo. | Basically this guy has a really good tweet thread about how some news website is just letting people pay to put whatever they want on there and pass it off as news. I guess this would cover: - DECIDE TO ACT: - ??? POSITION: We don't learn how TechBull created its subscriber base. But we do see the threat actor paying someone who's built an audience to do whatever. - Position - Pay for Access to Existing Audience - News Website - PRODUCE: - PUBLISH: | Adam | Pay for Access to Existing Audience - News Website | Tweets | @CraigSilverman | 2022-02-09 | Craig Silverman | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:11:22 | it appears that the going rate for a post on techbullion can be anywhere from $120 a post to $2000 for a year of publishing privileges | "it appears that the going rate for a post on techbullion can be anywhere from $120 a post to $2000 for a year of publishing privileges here's a fascinating look into how the site has been pitching substack writers as of late https://hackernoon.com/dear-substack-writers-whove-been-approached-by-techbullion-0z2v319a" | Adam | Pay for Access to Existing Audience - News Website | Tweets | @parismartineau | 2022-02-09 | Paris Martineau | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:15:16 | [P]olitical discussions draw in status-hungry individuals who actually like to offend, online & off, but are more visible online. | Political discussions draw in status-hungry individuals who actually like to offend, online & off, but are more visible online. | Adam | Tweets | @emollick | 2022-02-19 | Ethan Mollick | Personality Trait | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:24:10 | OK, so we need to talk about Kevin (well, Steve Kevin)! Stand aside #TinderSwindler, meet the pro-Putin #TwitterSwindler. This is a thread about the wild crossover of romance scams & pro-Kremlin soc media propaganda | Great takedown of an RU shelf account | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona | Tweets | @marcowenjones | 2022-03-04 | Marc Owen Jones | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:29:23 | Hope you're ready for an epic thread! It begins with a canal project in Afghanistan and a cafe worker called Sophia, but ends by explaining how 91% of likes on UAE Crown Prince @MohamedBinZayed's tweets are created by at least 11,000 bots/fake accounts #disinformation #UAE | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona, Shell Accounts | Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Twitter | Tweets | @marcowenjones | 2022-01-19 | Marc Owen Jones | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 09:56:38 | Facebook, Twitter remove disinformation accounts targeting Ukrainians | The hackers targeted journalists, military personnel and local public officials in Ukraine, using compromised email accounts and passwords to log into their Facebook profiles. The hacked accounts would then post a video of what they said was a Ukrainian waving a white flag of surrender. | Adam | Hacked Accounts (T0011), Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Stolen Images for Profile Pictures | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Article | NBC News | 2022-02-28 | Ben Collins, Jo Ling Kent | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 10:06:46 | Facebook removes Russian propaganda outlet in Ukraine | On April 30, as part of a larger takedown, Facebook removed 140 assets connected to Russian propaganda outlets News Front and South Front, of which the DFRLab had access to a subset of 69 assets. | Adam | Pretend to Be a Legitimate Organisation, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Stolen Images for Profile Pictures, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Community | Narrative - False Equivalence | Position a Backup Account (in case primary account is banned) | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Information Laundering | Article | DFRLab | Fabricated Content | 2020-05-05 | Kanishk Karan, Roman Osadchuk, Givi Gigitashvili, Esteban Ponce de León, Jean Le Roux | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 10:09:56 | The eagle eyed among you will notice Dr_Adhira's picture is flipped on the vertical access. This is a common tactic in influence operations as it makes reverse image searches more difficult. Remember the old addage, only the guilty flip their images! | 6/ The eagle eyed among you will notice Dr_Adhira's picture is flipped on the vertical access. This is a common tactic in influence operations as it makes reverse image searches more difficult. Remember the old addage, only the guilty flip their images! | Adam | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use AI Generated Images for Profile Pictures | Tweets | @marcowenjones | 2022-03-06 | Marc Owen Jones | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:34:20 | Cloaked science: the Yan reports | This paper describes a 2020 disinformation campaign promoting the unsubstantiated claim that the novel coronavirus is the product of a Chinese bioweapons program. Exploiting a vulnerability in open-access scientific publishing, the campaign was based on papers posted to an online preprint repository designed to accelerate the diffusion of scientific knowledge. This provided the campaign with an air of scientific legitimacy, helped it reach millions of Americans, and muddied public discourse over the origins of SARS-CoV-2. This case study offers insights into the tactics and practices of media manipulation, the contested nature of modern epistemic systems, the interplay of technical and social systems, and the vulnerability of open systems to manipulation. | Adam | Information Laundering | Journal Article | Information, Communication & Society | 2021-10-01 | Jennifer Nilsen, Joan Donovan, Rob Faris | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:35:03 | Reddit: US-UK NHS ‘Sale’ Docs Leaked by Russia | Reddit: US-UK NHS ‘Sale’ Docs Leaked by Russia | Adam | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Information Laundering | Article | Infosecurity Magazine | 2019-12-09 | Phil Muncaster | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:37:09 | 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation | Around the world, government actors are using social media to manufacture consensus, automate suppression, and undermine trust in the liberal international order. | Adam | Domestic Government (targeting Domestic Citizens), Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Journal Article | DemTech | 2019-09-25 | Samantha Bradshaw, Philip N. Howard | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:51:15 | The Russian "Firehose of Falsehood" Propaganda Model | The Russian "Firehose of Falsehood" Propaganda Model (COOL!!) | Adam | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Firehose of Falsehood | Article | RAND | 2016-01-01 | Christopher Paul, Miriam Matthews | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:54:50 | The role of psychological warfare in the battle for Ukraine | American Psychological Association - LINKS TO LOTS OF GOOD RESEARCH!!!!!!!!! The role of psychological warfare in the battle for Ukraine Social media disinformation and manipulation are causing confusion, fueling hostilities, and amplifying atrocities around the world | Adam | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Article | APA - American Psychological Association | 2022-04-11 | Zara Abrams | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:55:16 | Systematic review: YouTube recommendations and problematic content | Systematic review: YouTube recommendations and problematic content | Adam | Algorithm Recommending Inauthentic / Extremist Content - Youtube | Journal Article | Internet Policy Review | 2022-03-31 | Muhsin Yesilada, Stephan Lewandowsky | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 15:56:54 | Key Russian tactic, especially from diplomatic accounts, is to exploit the simple logic is that it’s easier to create a lie on social media than expose a lie. Tie down fact checkers, then pirouette away to the grotesque falsehood before anyone notices the last. | Tweet: Key Russian tactic, especially from diplomatic accounts, is to exploit the simple logic is that it’s easier to create a lie on social media than expose a lie. Tie down fact checkers, then pirouette away to the grotesque falsehood before anyone notices the last. | Adam | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Firehose of Falsehood | Tweets | @carljackmiller | 2022-03-10 | Carl Miller | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:00:46 | Millions of Leftists Are Reposting Kremlin Misinformation by Mistake | Millions of Leftists Are Reposting Kremlin Misinformation by Mistake news site is actually russian front | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation | Narrative - Whataboutism | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Information Laundering | Article | Vice News | 2022-03-04 | David Gilbert | Whataboutism | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:01:08 | The rise of 'whataboutism' in Russian media after Ferguson | The rise of 'whataboutism' in Russian media after Ferguson | Adam | Narrative - Whataboutism | Article | Russia Direct | 2014-08-22 | Anastasia Borik | Whataboutism | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:17:17 | Datasets Have Worldviews | Basically a very good way to explain why "Datasets have Worldviews" / BIAS / AI | Adam | Narrative - Narrative Built on Statistical Fallacy | Infographic, Article | PAIR | 2022-01-01 | Dylan Baker | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:20:27 | Quick thread: I spent the last week figuring how the American far-right became obsessed with "Ukranian biolabs." | Tweet thread that really, really well tracks the "Biolabs in Ukraine" narrative along its laundry journey | Adam | Narrative - Trial Balloons | Information Laundering | Tweets | @oneunderscore__ | 2022-03-14 | Ben Collins | Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:21:03 | Russian propaganda on Ukraine's non-existent 'biolabs' boosted by U.S. far right | Russian propaganda on Ukraine's non-existent 'biolabs' boosted by U.S. far right | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | NBC News | 2022-03-14 | Ben Collins, Kevin Collier | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:25:32 | Explainer: The Kremlin's "Polish invasion" narrative | Explainer: The Kremlin's "Polish invasion" narrative | Adam | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Article | Centre for Information Resilience | 2022-05-06 | Elise Thomas | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 10/05/2022 16:32:47 | They Know How Journalism Works! They’re Just Against It! | This new right fundamentally doesn’t want "newsgathering" to happen. They want a chaotic information stream of unverifiable bullshit and context collapse and propaganda. Their backers, the people behind the whole project, are philosophically and materially opposed to the idea that true things should be uncovered and verified and disseminated publicly about, well, them, and their projects. The mission is mainly to prevent, stigmatize, and delegitimize the discovery and confirmation and dissemination of information about how a few people got their money, where they keep it, and what they do with it—like spending it on subsidizing bigotry about trans people and getting gay teachers fired. | Adam | Article | Alex Pareene | 2022-04-20 | Alex Pareene | Make it Harder to Find Out the Truth (in general) | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 11/05/2022 13:55:05 | Unprompted and Unwarranted: YouTube’s Algorithm is Putting Young Men at Risk in Australia | Unprompted and Unwarranted: YouTube’s Algorithm is Putting Young Men at Risk in Australia | Adam | Algorithm Recommending Inauthentic / Extremist Content - Youtube | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-05-10 | Elise Thomas | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 11/05/2022 13:57:12 | Very disturbing reporting. The Guardian giving a lot of credence to the Israeli side of events in their subheading while accusing the killing of Al Jazeera journalist as an accusation from "Al Jazeera". Even the BBC didn't go this far #ShireenAbuAkleh | BOTH SIDES!! Very disturbing reporting. The Guardian giving a lot of credence to the Israeli side of events in their subheading while accusing the killing of Al Jazeera journalist as an accusation from "Al Jazeera". Even the BBC didn't go this far #ShireenAbuAkleh | Adam | Mainstream Media - Uncritically paraphrase false narrative | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Tweets | @marcowenjones | 2022-05-11 | Marc Owen Jones | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 12/05/2022 10:04:33 | The Kremlin’s Amplifiers in Germany | Chancellor Angela Merkel has spoken of the danger of “social bots,” automated accounts which masquerade as humans to distort discussions on social media. The head of German domestic intelligence has warned of potential Russian hacking and disinformation. The analysis shows that the most active amplifiers of these outlets do, indeed, include apparent bots, but they are not the most important factor. The signals are significantly boosted by pro-Kremlin activists, far-right users, and anti-migrant users, who have been known to work together to harass critics. One reason for this is that some of the Kremlin’s most active amplifiers appear to be political bots or cyborgs, which are automated or semi-automated to post at a rapid rate with little to no human intervention. The purpose of such bots is typically to amplify a message or make an account look more popular than it really is. | Adam | Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Automate Amplification with Bots, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Twitter, Legitimate users who agree with the message shared | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2017-06-22 | Ben Nimmo | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 12/05/2022 10:56:18 | KEY FINDINGS: Iranian Propaganda Network Goes Down | Laundering propaganda The pages often shared articles from websites which reproduced, verbatim, content from Iranian state or state-allied outlets, such as PressTV. They functioned as a virtual laundromat for Iranian propaganda, stripping it of its attribution and passing it on to unsuspecting readers as an independent product. | Adam | Information Laundering | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2019-03-26 | Ben Nimmo, Nika Aleksejeva, Kanishk Karan, Daniel Weimert | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 13/05/2022 13:55:42 | Shireen Abu Akleh and Israel's disinformation playbook | Shireen Abu Akleh and Israel's disinformation playbook | Adam | Have narratives prepared for immediate publication after significant event | Narrative - False Equivalence, Narrative - Create false parity / equal probability between two explanations for events | Mainstream Media - Uncritically paraphrase false narrative | Call for (inauthentic) investigation | Article | The New Arab | 2022-05-12 | Marc Owen Jones | Make it Harder to Find Out the Truth (in general) | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:15:37 | Artful paltering: The risks and rewards of using truthful statements to mislead others | Paltering is the active use of truthful statements to convey a misleading impression. Across 2 pilot studies and 6 experiments, we identify paltering as a distinct form of deception. Paltering differs from lying by omission (the passive omission of relevant information) and lying by commission (the active use of false statements). Our findings reveal that paltering is common in negotiations and that many negotiators prefer to palter than to lie by commission. Paltering, however, may promote conflict fueled by self-serving interpretations; palterers focus on the veracity of their statements ("I told the truth"), whereas targets focus on the misleading impression palters convey ("I was misled"). We also find that targets perceive palters to be especially unethical when palters are used in response to direct questions as opposed to when they are unprompted. Taken together, we show that paltering is a common, but risky, negotiation tactic. Compared with negotiators who tell the truth, negotiators who palter are likely to claim additional value, but increase the likelihood of impasse and harm to their reputations. (PsycINFO Database Record | Adam | Narrative - Paltering | Journal Article | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 2017-01-01 | Todd Rogers, Richard Zeckhauser, Francesca Gino, Michael Norton, Maurice Schweitzer | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:17:40 | How to hijack online discourse | 1. Create a simple narrative, an objectionable meme, keep it topical. If you can piss people off, it’ll spread quicker. 2. Have a few people share it or hire bots. It doesn’t matter which, you just need impressions. (1/5) | Adam | Information Laundering | Tweets | @JordanWildon | 2022-03-03 | Jordan Wildon | Information Laundering | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:38:38 | Societal Engineering: Propaganda Through Redefinition of Words | Adam | Narrative - Redefine / Appropriate meaning of words | Article | Societal Engineering | 2019-06-13 | Desmond Donovan | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:39:21 | In the age of online factions (🌐🌹🚲🐝🐸etc), redefinition of words to suit a group—affirm worldview, delineate enemies, take/hold power—happens astonishingly fast. An old propaganda strategy at internet speed, a rhetorical battle to claim moral high ground and activate crowds. | Adam | Narrative - Redefine / Appropriate meaning of words | Tweets | @noUpside | 2022-02-06 | Renee DiResta | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:39:53 | What is so striking is how eager Russian propagandists have been to appropriate western vocabulary: - Disinformation disguised as fact checks - Harassment disguised as investigations - Exploiting group think under the banner of independent research - Control as self discovery | Adam | Narrative - Redefine / Appropriate meaning of words | Tweets | @carljackmiller | 2022-03-09 | Carl Miller | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:40:39 | Russian Telegram channel embraces fact-checking tropes to spread disinformation | On February 23, 2022, the Telegram channel Война с фейками (“War on Fakes”) first appeared online, ending its first day with a modest 161 subscribers. It quickly skyrocketed; within two weeks, War on Fakes grew to over 625,000 subscribers and is now one of the top Telegram channels in Russia, with a reach of more than 30 million daily views. The channel, which presents itself as debunking the “information war against Russia,” spreads disinformation and propaganda under the façade of a fact-checking service. Its staggering growth since its inception indicates it may be gaining traction more broadly, including through the publishing of an English-language website. | Adam | Narrative - Redefine / Appropriate meaning of words | Article | DFRLab | 2022-03-07 | Ingrid Dickinson | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:49:33 | #IstandwithRussia – Anatomy of a Pro-Kremlin Influence Operation | The #IstandwishRussia and #IstandwithPutin hashtags have the hallmarks of an influence operation masquerading as a grassroots social movement. We ask: In the coming days, how can we detect the next operation? | Adam | Narrative - Trial Balloons, Position - | Shelf Accounts | Legitimate users who agree with the message shared, Mainstream Media - Uncritically repeat false narrative, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Automate Amplification with Bots, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Twitter | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Article | ISD - Institute for Strategic Dialogue | 2022-03-08 | Carl Miller, Jeremy Reffin | Amplification via Influencer | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 15:52:16 | thread is about pro-Russian propaganda in the Greek Twittersphere inspired by my colleague @marcowenjones research on disinformation war currently unleashed on Twitter. The hashtags analyzed are "Με_τον_Πούτιν" "Με_την_Ρωσία" | Adam | Shell Accounts | Coordinate with Other Users to Inauthentically Boost Online Content, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Twitter | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Tweets | @gmikros | 2022-03-06 | George Mikros | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 16:07:59 | 1/ Big #China thread drop! I've identified a network of 2-7000 (& probably more) fake accounts spreading pro-China propaganda in Chinese & English. Many of them are presenting the general argument that the US caused the #Ukraine conflict for its own benefit. | Adam | Hacked Accounts (T0011), Shelf Accounts, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Stolen Images for Profile Pictures, Shell Accounts | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Tweets | @marcowenjones | 2022-04-08 | Marc Owen Jones | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 16:14:35 | Predictably, the Russian government is going with the "don't believe your lying eyes" line on the Bucha massacre in Ukraine. This is Russia's go-to propaganda line when they've done something visible and inexcusable: it was all staged by and for the Western media. | Adam | Narrative - Inauthentically claim true events are a hoax | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Tweets | @oneunderscore__ | 2022-04-03 | Ben Collins | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 16:23:56 | Hiding in Plain Sight: PAC-Connected Activists Set Up ‘Local News’ Outlets | Star News Digital Media, Inc. may look like a media company that produces local news, but a Snopes investigation reveals deep, undisclosed connections to political activism. | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation - Local News | Article | Snopes | 2019-03-04 | Alex Kasprak, Bethania Palma, Chris Reilly, Vinny Green | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 16:24:25 | ‘Fake newspapers’ promoting local candidates reported on social media across the UK | The Liberal Democrats, Labour and the Conservatives have been accused of distributing 'fake' newspapers in 13 constituencies. | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation - Local News | Domestic Government (targeting Domestic Citizens) | Article | First Draft | 2019-11-21 | Ali Abbas Ahmadi | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 17:07:00 | TRADING UP THE CHAIN | Trading up the chain is the process of getting a story from a small, local, or niche platform or media outlet to a more popular, national news service.1 If an article or post gains enough traction on the small, local, or niche platform, it may be reported on by a larger site—either to be promoted or debunked.2 Regardless, the additional coverage spreads the original story to a new and larger audience. If successful, a line from a blog post or tweet can become national news. | Adam | Trading up the chain | Article | The Media Manipulation Casebook | 2020-05-05 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 17:08:55 | Delay, Deny and Deflect: How Facebook’s Leaders Fought Through Crisis | Joan Donovan identified this as an example of trading up the chain in a tweet: https://twitter.com/BostonJoan/status/1509266383883886601 | Adam | Trading up the chain | Article | New York Times | 2018-11-14 | Sheera Frenkel, Nicholas Confessore, Cecilia Kang, Matthew Rosenberg, Jack Nicas | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14/05/2022 17:09:35 | Facebook paid GOP firm to malign TikTok | Joan Donovan identified this as an example of trading up the chain: https://twitter.com/BostonJoan/status/1509266377986785281 | Adam | Trading up the chain | Article | The Washington Post | 2022-03-30 | Taylor Lorenz, Drew Harwell | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 19/05/2022 21:35:34 | Ukraine dismantles 5 disinformation bot farms, seizes 10,000 SIM cards | Dylan | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Community | Coordinate with Other Users to Inauthentically Boost Online Content, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Automate Amplification with Bots | Rift in Community - Family, impact morale of Ukrainian society | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | unspecified social media | Bleeping Computer | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, War | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | unspecified social media | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Account | Russia, Ukraine | 2022-03-28 | Bill Toulas | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Make it Harder to Find Out the Truth (in general), likely a nation-state campaign | Yes | No | ||||||||||
| Yes | 28/05/2022 15:59:53 | Fronton: A Botnet for Creation, Command, and Control of Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior | reporting on an IOT Botnet capable of creating and managing inauthentic users on social media to push an agenda | Dylan | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona, Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Community | Inauthentic Account Activity - Follow account en-masse - Increase perceived popularity of account | Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Automate Amplification with Bots, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Twitter | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Article | NISOS | Disinformation | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Manipulated Content | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Bot Account, Inauthentic Account | Russia | 2022-05-19 | Nisos Research Team | FSB | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 13/06/2022 12:52:46 | How Telegram Channels Are Coordinating to Share Content Targeting Indian Muslims | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Interlink related online communities for content dissemination | Spread content to interlinked online communities | Kinetic Impact - Inspire Terrorism | Radicalisation | Article | Logically | White Supremacy, Anti-Muslim | Image | Facebook, Telegram | Coordinated user action, Cross Platform Sharing | India | 2022-06-10 | Naveen Thillai Sankar | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Information Laundering | Yes | No | ||||||||||
| Yes | 13/06/2022 15:00:49 | The Case of the Pakistani Sockpuppets | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Shelf Accounts - Develop Inauthentic Online Persona - Use Stolen Images for Profile Pictures | Narrative - Exploit existing rift in community | Position a Backup Account (in case primary account is banned) | Article | Logically | Government | Comments / Replies | India, Pakistan, China | 2022-02-23 | Atandra Ray, Dhriti Kamdar | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 13/06/2022 15:24:35 | Russian Disinformation on Students Filters Through to Indian Media | Adam | Narrative - Exploit existing rift in community | Publish via official online accounts to add appearance of credibility - Embassy account | Coordinate with Other Users to Inauthentically Boost Online Content, Mainstream Media - Repeat verbatim false narrative | Amplify beneficial narratives | Foreign Government (targeting Foreign Citizens) | Information Laundering | Article | Logically | 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter, YouTube | India, Russia, United Arab Emirates | 2022-05-11 | Atandra Ray | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Defender | Information Laundering | Yes | No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 14/06/2022 22:06:58 | Sidhu Moose Wala Shooting Sparks Pakistan-Based Disinformation Campaign | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation - Human Rights | Narrative - Exploit existing rift in community, Narrative - Inauthentically align new MAE with desired narrative, Re-use previously published inauthentic content | Narrative amplified by Influencer | Article | Logically | Text post | India, Pakistan | 2022-06-02 | Ishaana Aiyanna, Ravie Lakshmanan | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 15/06/2022 14:43:46 | Pakistani Disinfo Networks Exploit General Rawat Helicopter Crash | The helicopter crash on December 8, 2021 that killed Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat, his wife, and 12 other military personnel near Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, shocked the nation. Within hours of the crash confirmation by official sources, conspiracy theories and narratives started gaining traction online, claiming that this crash was not an accident and that there was a plot to kill India’s top-ranking military official. | Adam | Pretend to be a Legitimate Organisation - Think Tank | Narrative - Exploit existing rift in community, Narrative - Inauthentically align new MAE with desired narrative | Mainstream Media - Uncritically paraphrase false narrative, Narrative amplified by Influencer, Use Inauthentic Accounts to Boost Online Content - Automate Amplification with Bots, Amplified by account which has previously contributed to information disorder | Amplify beneficial narratives, Rift in Community | Article | Logically | Mass Attention Event | India, Pakistan | 2021-12-16 | Naveen Thillai Sankar, Ravie Lakshmanan, Dhriti Kamdar | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 17/06/2022 17:22:36 | How Big Oil Misled The Public Into Believing Plastic Would Be Recycled | But it's not valuable, and it never has been. And what's more, the makers of plastic — the nation's largest oil and gas companies — have known this all along, even as they spent millions of dollars telling the American public the opposite. | Dylan | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Start campaign to lead discussion | Ad campaigns, TV commercials, adoption of recycling logo on plastic products to mislead consumer | Published offline, pre-Internet days, print and TV media | Mislead public through (dis)information campaigns, public does the rest | Obfuscate origin of campaigns, lead the conversation | Block/prevent legislation | Industry/Private corporations | Firehose of Falsehood | Article | npr | Recycling | Inauthentic Advertisement, Misleading Statistics | Misleading Content | In-person, Inauthentic Advertisement, Oral Statement | Coordinated user action, Mainstream Media, Online Advertisements | United States of America | 2020-09-11 | Laura Sullivan | Oil and Gas industry | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | |||
| No | 24/08/2022 12:43:00 | Joe Rogan: Four claims from his Spotify podcast fact-checked | Joe Rogan has been criticised for helping spread misinformation on his podcast. Spotify reportedly paid $100m (£75m) in 2020 for rights to The Joe Rogan Experience, which is the streaming service's top podcast. It is reportedly downloaded almost 200 million times a month. On the show, the US broadcaster hosts a wide variety of guests who discuss their views on a range of topics - but some episodes have featured false and misleading claims. Here are four of them fact-checked. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Fact Check | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2022-01-31 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 04/09/2022 10:33:47 | Anti-trans stalkers at Kiwi Farms are chasing one victim around the world. Their list of targets is growing. | Kiwi Farms is an internet message board known for being an epicenter of vicious, anti-trans harassment campaigns. It has operated for nearly a decade with the backing of some tech companies that refuse to drop services for it. But now, as the site’s users launch a wave of anti-trans attacks, a trans Twitch streamer targeted by Kiwi Farms is spearheading an unprecedented campaign to take down the fringe website. | Adam | I'm going all the way (Continue to Stage 2) | Archive sensitive information on targets of harassment, Prevent removal of harmful content using CDN providers | Harassment, Harassment - Swatting, Harassment - Doxxing | Direct online community to participate in Harassment | Suicide of Target | Article | NBC News | Anti-Trans | 2022-09-02 | Ben Collins, Kat Tenbarge | Harass People Based on Identities | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | Anti-vax groups use carrot emojis to hide Facebook posts | Facebook groups are using the carrot emoji to hide anti-vax content from automated moderation tools. | Adam | Use “Algospeak” to avoid automated content moderation | Article | BBC News | Anti-Vaccine, White Supremacy | 2022-09-16 | Zoe Kleinman | Harass People Based on Identities | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 19/10/2022 12:46:34 | MITRE ATT&CK; Compromise Accounts | Adversaries may compromise accounts with services that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating accounts (i.e. Establish Accounts), adversaries may compromise existing accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. | Adam | Hacked Accounts (T0011) | Article | MITRE | Compromised Account | Compromised Account | 2021-10-16 | Unattributed | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 19/10/2022 12:52:23 | Major US Twitter accounts hacked in Bitcoin scam | Billionaires Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates are among many prominent US figures targeted by hackers on Twitter in an apparent Bitcoin scam. The official accounts of Barack Obama, Joe Biden and Kanye West also requested donations in the cryptocurrency. "Everyone is asking me to give back," a tweet from Mr Gates' account said. "You send $1,000, I send you back $2,000." | Adam | Hacked Accounts (T0011) | Article | BBC News | 2020-05-16 | Joe Tidy | Monetary Incentive | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 20/10/2022 10:22:50 | Coronavirus: Inside the pro-China network targeting the US, Hong Kong and an exiled tycoon | Hundreds of fake or hijacked social media accounts have been pushing pro-Chinese government messages about the coronavirus pandemic on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, a BBC investigation has found. | Adam | Hacked Accounts (T0011) | Article | BBC News | Coronavirus | 2020-05-28 | Benjamin Strick, Olga Robinson, Shayan Sardarizadeh | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 20/10/2022 20:50:48 | AI’s coming home: How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Tackle Racist Emoji in Football | While Twitter and Instagram’s algorithms claim to detect hateful and abusive content, there appears to be a large emoji-shaped hole in their defences. Despite users repeatedly flagging racist use of the monkey ([🐒]), banana ([🍌]) and watermelon emoji ([🍉]), abuse expressed in emoji form was not flagged by Instagram or Twitter’s content moderation algorithms. | Adam | Harassment | Use “Algospeak” to avoid automated content moderation | Extremist - White Supremacist | Article | Oxford Internet Institute | White Supremacy | 2021-07-16 | Hannah Rose Kirk | Harass People Based on Identities | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 20/10/2022 20:52:02 | Emoji Help Anti-Vaccine Posts Avoid Moderation on Facebook | Anti-vaccine groups are increasing their use of code words to avoid the prying eyes of moderators at Facebook. Anti-vaxxers, whose activity is limited on many platforms, have started using elaborate quotes and phrases to spread cloaked misinformation about the drugs that help fight Covid-19. In Facebook groups and pages with names like “Died Suddenly,” users congregate and claim to be mourning friends and family members who have “eaten the cake,” which is code for taking vaccines. | Adam | Use “Algospeak” to avoid automated content moderation | Article | Bloomberg | Anti-Vaccine | 2022-10-19 | Daniel Zuidijk | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||
| Any Tactics? | Timestamp | Link | Title | Notes | Tagged By | Keep going? | Research | Position | Produce | Publish | Amplify | Calibrate | Impact | Persona | Strategy | Type of Content | Source | Narrative Context | Type of Inauthentic Content Assessed | Produced Content Classification | Dissemination Platform | Amplification Method | Geography | Article Publish Date | Article Author | Aggressor | Disinformation Cycle Stage | Tactic Profile Tag | Decide to Act | Core Fields Populated? | Content Type is Tweets? |