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| Article Title | Source | Link | Content Context | Content Type | Disinformation Type | Dissemination Platform | Amplification Method | Geography | Article Publish Date | Article Author | Aggressor | Influence Cycle Stage | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| How anti-vaxxers get around Instagram’s new hashtag controls | Coda Story | Anti-Vaccine | Hashtag Hijacking, Obfuscated Post Content | 2020-06-12 | Isobel Cockerell, Sofiya Voznaya | Calibrate: Attack, Calibrate: Defend | Article | ||||||
| As wildfires rage, false antifa rumors spur pleas from police | NBC News | 2020 California Wildfires, Antifa, QAnon, Black Lives Matter, Proud Boys | Article, Text Post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Facebook Groups, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-11 | Brandy Zadrozny, Ben Collins | Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack, Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend | Article | ||
| Reporting for Duty: How A Network of Pakistan-Based Accounts Leveraged Mass Reporting to Silence Critics | Stanford University | Human Rights Activists, Islam, Pakistan, Marketing, Anti-Semitism, Government, Military, Coronavirus | Inauthentic Reporting, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages, Hashtag, Image, Video, Meme | Facebook, Instagram, YouTube | Inauthentic Post Amplification, Brigading, Facebook Groups | Pakistan, India | 2020-09-01 | Shelby Grossman, Ross Ewald, Jennifer John, Asfandyar Mir, Kim Ngo, Natasha Patel, David Thiel | Pakistan | Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Amplify: Attack | Journal Article | ||
| How conspiracy theories surged after the Beirut explosion | Coda Story | 2020 Beirut Explosion | Text post, Video | Misleading Content | Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter, WhatsApp | Government Figure, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-08-06 | Emily Lewis | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | |||
| Facebook Removes Troll Farm Pretending to Be African-Americans in Support of Trump | NBC News | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, 2020 US Election, QAnon, Trump | Comments / Replies, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages, Meme, Text post | Facebook, Instagram | Inauthentic Social Media Account | United States of America | 2020-08-06 | Ben Collins, Kevin Collier | Amplify: Attack, Calibrate: Defend, Position: Defend | Article | |||
| Google queries in Africa reveal how coronavirus disinformation is evolving | Coda Story | Coronavirus | 2020-08-05 | Rachel Sherman | Amplify: Defend | Article | |||||||
| More celebrities join the growing conspiracy theory movement | Coda Story | Anti-Vaccine, Anti-Semitism, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, QAnon | Text post, Video | Instagram, Twitter | 2020-07-29 | Isobel Cockerell | Amplify: Attack | Article | |||||
| How K-pop information warfare outmaneuvered the far right | Coda Story | Hashtag Hijacking | 2020-07-24 | Chaewon Chung, Isobel Cockerell, Rachel Sherman | K-pop fans | Amplify: Defend | Article | ||||||
| Duterte’s troll armies drown out Covid-19 dissent in the Philippines | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Comments / Replies, Hashtag, Imposter Social Media Accounts, Text post | Facebook, Twitter | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | Phillipines | 2020-07-21 | Lynzy Billing, Sofiya Voznaya | Amplify: Attack | Article | |||
| The Conspiracy Singularity Has Arrived | Vice News | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, George Floyd Killing, Government, QAnon | 2020-07-17 | Anna Merlan | Article | ||||||||
| In Kazakhstan, coronavirus conspiracies are the latest celebrity craze | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Misleading Statistics, Text post | Misleading Content | Government Website, Instagram, Telegram, WhatsApp | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | Khazakhstan | 2020-07-17 | Katiya Patin | Amplify: Attack, Calibrate: Defend, Publish: Attack, Research: Defend | Article | ||
| Doctor by day, anti-disinfo warrior by night: fighting Yemen’s Covid-19 crisis | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Article, Inauthentic Fake News Accusation, Misleading Statistics, Oral Statement | False Context | Facebook, Government Figure, State Media | Yemen | 2020-07-10 | Casey Coombs | Position: Defend, Produce: Defend, Research: Defend | Article | |||
| Tensions skyrocket in Serbia as the president casts street protestors as violent conspiracists | Coda Story | Anti-Government Protests, Government | Inauthentic Fake News Accusation | Government Figure, Mainstream Media Reporting | Government Figure, Mainstream Media | Serbia | 2020-07-09 | Katiya Patin | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | |||
| Right-Wing Media Outlets Duped by a Middle East Propaganda Campaign | The Daily Beast | Middle East, State funded media | Text post | Imposter Content | Alternative Media, LinkedIn, Twitter | Inauthentic News Site, Inauthentic Persona, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Public Figure / Celebrity | Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Quatar, Turkey, United Arab Emirates | 2020-07-07 | Adam Rawnsley | Article | |||
| South Korean police don’t use purple dye cannons on protesters | Full Fact | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests | Image, Text post | Fabricated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-06-26 | Rachael Krishna | Fact Check | |||||
| Facebook post about Italy, coronavirus and 5G is almost all false | Full Fact | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Article, Text post | Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Facebook, Personal Website | "Please Share" Call to Action | 2020-06-26 | Grace Rahman | Fact Check | ||||
| Alcohol-based hand sanitiser cannot catch fire, without a spark, just because it's in a hot car | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Text post | Misleading Content | Facebook, Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2020-06-24 | Rachael Krishna | Fact Check | ||||
| Footballers aren’t banned from wearing the poppy | Full Fact | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Political Correctness | Screenshot, Text post | False Context | "Please Share" Call to Action | United Kingdom | 2020-06-24 | Abbas Panjwani | Fact Check | ||||
| Coronavirus: How a false rumour led to hate online | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Inauthentic Documents, Inauthentic Website, Text post, Video | Imposter Content, Misleading Content | Facebook, Inauthentic Website, Twitter, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-19 | Jack Goodman | Jordan Sather | Article | |||
| Sioux Falls Chamber apologizes for saying protest buses came to city from Fargo | INFORUM | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests | Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-07 | Barry Amundson | Article | ||||
| White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter | NBC News | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Antifa, George Floyd Killing | Hashtag, Manipulated Image, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Compromised Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text Message, Twitter | Bot Account, Compromised Social Media Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-06-02 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny, Emmanuelle Saliba | Identity Evropa | Article | ||
| George Floyd’s ‘Fake’ Death | New York Times | George Floyd Killing | Text post, Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-01 | Davey Alba | JonXArmy, QAnon | Article | |||
| The George Soros Conspiracy | New York Times | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, George Floyd Killing, George Soros | Text post, Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Government Figure | 2020-06-01 | Davey Alba | Article | ||||
| Antifa Misinformation- | New York Times | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Antifa | Inauthentic Documents, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-06-01 | Davey Alba | Article | ||||
| Like a virus; The coordinated spread of coronavirus disinformation | Centre for Responsible Technology, The Australia Institute | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare, Marketing, QAnon | Article, Image, Manipulated Image, Meme, Text post | Bot Account, Compromised Social Media Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | Istanbul, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, United States of America | 2020-05-31 | Axel Bruns, Guangnan Zhu, Rod Campbell, Timothy Graham | Pro-Trump, QAnon, Republican | Journal Article | ||||
| How coronavirus 'changes the game' for the anti-vaccination movement | ABC News | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Meme, Retweets/Likes, Text post, Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Instagram, Mainstream Media Reporting, TikTok, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Hashtag Hijacking, Public Figure / Celebrity | Australia | 2020-05-30 | Ariel Bogle, Michael Workman, Stephen Hutcheon | Article | |||
| Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook | NBC News | 5G, Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Video | Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Facebook | Facebook Groups, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | 2020-05-29 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Amazing Cures, Brighteon, Content farm, GMO Dangers, Mike Adams, Natural News, NewsTarget, North Macedonia, Philippines, The Health Ranger | Article | |||
| Revealed: US-funded website spreading COVID misinformation in Armenia | openDemocracy | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Article | Fabricated Content | Alternative Media | Armenia | 2020-05-28 | Tatev Hovhannisyan | Article | ||||
| The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views | Nature Research Journal | Anti-Vaccine | Facebook Groups | 2020-05-13 | Minzhang Zheng, Neil Johnson, Nicholas Gabriel, Nicholas Johnson Restrepo, Nicolas Velásquez, Pedro Manrique, Rhys Leahy, Sara El Oud, Stefan Wuchty, Yonatan Lupu | Journal Article | |||||||
| Viral Facebook post is wrong on deaths in first three months of 2020 | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Screenshot, Text post | Manipulated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-05-12 | Leo Benedictus | Fact Check | |||||
| Two police forces did not use the same photo to illustrate two different lockdown crimes | Full Fact | Emergency Services | Image, Manipulated Image, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | United Kingdom | 2020-05-11 | Rachael Krishna | Fact Check | ||||
| A scientific review did not conclude that there are no cases of children transmitting the new coronavirus | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Article | False Connection | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Kate Lewis | Fact Check | |||
| Health Secretary uses Facebook poll to estimate coronavirus tracking app take-up | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Article, Oral Statement | Misleading Content | Government Website, Oral Statement | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Abbas Panjwani | Fact Check | |||
| The Control of Diseases Act was not changed in April to say you can be forcibly vaccinated | Full Fact | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus | Text post, Video | False Connection | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Grace Rahman | Fact Check | |||
| This post about Covid-19 and blood clotting conditions contains inaccuracies | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Text post | Misleading Content | Facebook, Twitter | United Kingdom | 2020-05-07 | Kate Lewis | Fact Check | ||||
| There’s no evidence immigrants caused a PPE shipment to be destroyed at Dover | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Immigration | Image, Text post | Fabricated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-05-05 | Joseph O'Leary | Fact Check | |||||
| It's incorrect to say flu vaccines don't work | Full Fact | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Text post | Misleading Content | 2020-05-05 | Kate Lewis | Fact Check | ||||||
| A Nobel Prize-winning immunologist has not said coronavirus is manmade, as claimed | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-04-30 | Abbas Panjwani | Fact Check | ||||
| The Maytrix Group receives no money from Captain Tom’s fundraiser | Full Fact | Charity | Image, Screenshot, Text post | False Context | United Kingdom | 2020-04-30 | Claire Milne | Fact Check | |||||
| Hungary’s new coronavirus legislation could have journalists jailed | Coda Story | Disinformation | Hungary | 2020-04-30 | Matej Voda | Own Government | Calibrate: Attack, Position: Attack | Article | |||||
| An image of a dog vaccine for a different coronavirus has gone viral | Full Fact | Coronavirus | Image, Screenshot | False Connection | 2020-04-23 | Grace Rahman | Fact Check | ||||||
| Uncovering Operation NEPTUN, the Cold War’s Most Daring Disinformation Campaign | WIRED | Cold War, Operation NEPTUN | Inauthentic Documents | False Context | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | Germany | 2020-04-15 | Thomas Rid | Article | |||
| If you need the police but can’t talk, dial 999 from a mobile, then 55 when prompted and don’t hang up | Full Fact | Emergency Services, Feminism | Text post | Manipulated Content | Government Figure, Legitimate Business / Charity Organisation, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2020-04-14 | Claire Milne, Grace Rahman | Fact Check | ||||
| Meet the celebrities pushing 5G coronavirus conspiracies to millions of fans | Coda Story | 5G, Coronavirus | Comments / Replies, Text post, Video | False Context | Instagram, Twitter | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-04-14 | Ashley Jung, Isobel Cockerell | Amplify: Attack | Article | |||
| This viral voice message about ambulances shared on WhatsApp is inaccurate | Full Fact | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Voice Message | Fabricated Content | Text Message, WhatsApp | United Kingdom | 2020-04-08 | Claire Milne | Fact Check | ||||
| Blocking information on COVID-19 can fuel the spread of misinformation | Nature Research Journal | Coronavirus | Fabricated Content | Twitter, Government Figure | Inauthentic Social Media Account | United States of America, Iran, Russia | 2020-03-30 | Heidi Larson | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend | Journal Article | |||
| Disinformation about Qatar surges in wake of COVID-19 | Coda Story | Coronavirus | Hashtag | Bot Account | Quatar | 2020-03-23 | Burhanw Wazir | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | ||||
| With help from American activists, Ukrainian women are being misled about abortion | openDemocracy | Abortion | Inauthentic Website | Imposter Content | Inauthentic Website | Ukraine | 2020-03-18 | Tetiana Kozak | Article | ||||
| False coronavirus rumors surge in 'hidden viral' text messages | NBC News | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Text post | Fabricated Content | Text Message, WhatsApp | "Please Share" Call to Action | United States of America | 2020-03-16 | Ben Collins | Article | |||
| Inside Italian public hospitals, I saw how a US-linked anti-abortion network is ‘humiliating’ women | openDemocracy | Abortion | Inauthentic Advertisement | Misleading Content | Inauthentic Advertisement, Poster | Italy | 2020-03-09 | Francesca Visser | Heartbeat International, Movimento per la Vita | Article | |||
| This little girl has not vanished from your local area- | Full Fact | Missing Persons | Inauthentic Website, Text post | Fabricated Content | United Kingdom | 2020-03-02 | Rachael Krishna | Fact Check | |||||
| How fake videos unravelled Pakistan’s war on polio | First Draft | Anti-Vaccine, Government, Healthcare | Video | False Context | Facebook, Twitter | Government Figure | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Peshawar | 2020-02-20 | Lydia Morrish | Article | |||
| First Draft case study: Exploring the controversy around Dengvaxia and vaccine misinformation in the Philippines | First Draft | Anti-Vaccine, Government, Healthcare | Image, Meme, Screenshot, Text post, Video | Fabricated Content, False Connection, Misleading Content | Alternative Media, Facebook, Instagram, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Facebook Groups, Mainstream Media | Phillipines | 2020-02-20 | Jacquelyn Mason, Rory Smith | Article | |||
| Revealed: US-linked anti-abortion centres ‘lie’ and ‘scare women’ across Latin America | openDemocracy | Abortion | Inauthentic Website | Imposter Content | Inauthentic Website | Latin America, Mexico | 2020-02-12 | Isabella Cota | Article | ||||
| Exclusive: Trump-linked religious ‘extremists’ target women with disinformation worldwide | openDemocracy | Abortion | Article, Inauthentic Website | Fabricated Content, Imposter Content | In-person, Inauthentic Services, Inauthentic Website | Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, Latin America, Mexico, Spain, Uganda | 2020-02-10 | Claire Provost, Nandini Archer | Heartbeat International, Human Life International | Article | |||
| Facebook says a pro-Trump media outlet used artificial intelligence to create fake people and push conspiracies | NBC News | Trump | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Groups / Pages | Inauthentic Social Media Account, Online Advertisements, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2019-12-20 | Ben Collins | Epoch Times | Calibrate: Defend, Position: Defend | Article | ||||
| THE WAR ON PINEAPPLE: Understanding Foreign Interference in 5 Steps | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Bot Account, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2019-07-01 | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend, Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack, Publish: Defend, Research: Attack | Infographic | |||||||
| It’s not true that dialling 55 in a silent 999 call lets the police track your location | Full Fact | Emergency Services | Image | Manipulated Content | "Please Share" Call to Action | United Kingdom | 2019-01-23 | Grace Rahman | Fact Check | ||||
| OF VIRALITY AND VIRUSES: THE ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT AND SOCIAL MEDIA | Nautilus Institite | Anti-Vaccine, September 11 Attacks, Personal Attack | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, Google Search | Online Advertisements, Cross Platform Sharing, Hashtag Hijacking, Public Figure / Celebrity, Mainstream Media, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Brigading, Inauthentic Social Media Account, Bot Account | United States of America | 2018-11-08 | Renée Diresta | Amplify: Attack | Journal Article | ||||
| SOCIAL MEDIA BOTS OVERVIEW | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Bot Account | 2018-05-01 | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Department of Homeland Security | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend, Publish: Attack, Publish: Defend | Infographic | |||||||
| Why we need to understand misinformation through visuals | First Draft | Image | Fabricated Content | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United Kingdom | 2017-10-17 | Hannah Guy | Article | |||||
| Has change really come? Misleading graphs and how to spot them | Rappler | Government | Oral Statement, Text post | Misleading Content | Government Figure, Government Website, Oral Statement | Government Figure | Phillipines | 2017-08-05 | JC Punongbayan | Article | |||
| Ferial Haffajee: The Gupta Fake News Factory And Me | HUFFPOST | Feminism, Mainstream Media, Personal Attack | Image, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Manipulated Image, Meme, Text post | Fabricated Content, Satire or Parody | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | 2017-08-02 | Ferial Haffajee, Marc Davies | Article | |||||
| Kenya election: Fake CNN and BBC news reports circulate | BBC News | Elections, Government | Video | Fabricated Content, Imposter Content | Twitter, WhatsApp | Kenya | 2017-07-29 | Unattributed | Article | ||||
| Did Emmanuel Macron open an offshore account ? | CrossCheck, First Draft | Elections, Government | Inauthentic Documents, Inauthentic Website, Screenshot | Fabricated Content | *chan, Alternative Media, Forum Post, Government Figure, Mainstream Media Reporting | Government Figure, Mainstream Media | France | 2017-05-05 | Unattributed | Fact Check | |||
| Did London Muslims “celebrate” a terrorist attack on the Champs-Elysees? | CrossCheck, First Draft | Text post, Video | Manipulated Content | Public Figure / Celebrity | France, United Kingdom | 2017-04-22 | Unattributed | Fact Check | |||||
| How Russia Is Using LinkedIn as a Tool of War Against Its U.S. Enemies | Newsweek | Article, Comments / Replies, Meme | 2017-03-08 | Jeff Stein | Article | ||||||||
| Was Macron’s campaign for the French presidency financed by Saudi Arabia? | CrossCheck, First Draft | Elections, Government | Inauthentic Website, Screenshot, Text post | Fabricated Content | Government Figure, Inauthentic Website, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media | France | 2017-03-02 | Unattributed | Fact Check | |||
| Meet the Macedonian Teens Who Mastered Fake News and Corrupted the US Election | WIRED | Clinton, Elections, Government, Healthcare, Trump | Article, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Website, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Website, Personal Website | Facebook Groups | United States of America | 2017-02-15 | Samanth Subramanian | Content farm, North Macedonia, Veles | Article | ||
| Trump Trolls Tell Hillary Clinton Supporters They Can Vote Via Text | Forbes | Elections, Government | Image, Inauthentic Advertisement, Text post | Fabricated Content, Satire or Parody | Facebook, Twitter | Inauthentic Post Amplification | United States of America | 2016-11-03 | Fruzsina Eordogh | Article | |||
| What was fake on the Internet this election: #DraftOurDaughters, Trump’s tax returns | The Washington Post | Clinton, Elections, Immigration, Trump | Article, Hashtag, Image, Manipulated Image, Text post | Fabricated Content, False Connection, Manipulated Content, Satire or Parody | Facebook, Twitter | Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Social Media Account | United States of America | 2016-10-31 | Abby Ohlheiser | Article | |||
| Former 'Kremlin Troll' Awarded $0.01 in Victory Over 'Propaganda Factory' | Vice News | Government, Pro-Government | Comments / Replies | Mainstream Media Websites: Comments / Replies | Inauthentic Social Media Account | 2015-08-18 | Unattributed | Agency for Internet Studies, Russia | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | |||
| Haunting 'Nepal quake victims' photo from Vietnam | BBC News | Disaster recovery, Nepal Earthquake | Image, Text post | False Context | Facebook, Twitter | 2015-05-04 | Nga Pham | Article | |||||
| Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter | New York Times | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Comments / Replies, Inauthentic Documents, Inauthentic Website, Screenshot, Text post, Video | Imposter Content, Manipulated Content | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube | Facebook Groups | 2020-03-08 | Sheera Frenkel, Davey Alba, Raymond Zhong | Amplify: Attack, Amplify: Defend | Article | |||
| QAnon: What is it and where did it come from? | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Clinton, QAnon, Trump | Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Reddit | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-08-20 | Mike Wendling | Article | ||||||
| Man pleads guilty to terrorism after Hoover Dam barricade | AP News | QAnon | 2020-02-12 | Ariz Kingman | Article | ||||||||
| QAnon conspiracy theory on James Comey shuts school festival | BBC News | QAnon | Comments / Replies, Manipulated Image, Text post | Manipulated Content | 2019-05-10 | Unattributed | Article | ||||||
| Eric Trump Promotes QAnon Conspiracy On Instagram While Plugging Tulsa Rally | Forbes | QAnon | Image, Text post | Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-06-20 | Jack Brewster | Amplify: Attack | Article | ||||
| QAnon: Twitter bans accounts linked to conspiracy theory | BBC News | QAnon | 2020-07-22 | Unattributed | Calibrate: Defend, Position: Defend | Article | |||||||
| Here are the QAnon supporters running for Congress in 2020 | Media Matters | Elections, Government, QAnon | Comments / Replies, Hashtag, Image, Retweets/Likes, Text post, Video | Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-07-01 | Alex Kaplan | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Article | |||
| The definitive guide to Fox News' vaccine conspiracy theories | Media Matters | Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Anti-Vaccine | Oral Statement, Video | Facebook, Mainstream Media Reporting, YouTube | Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-14 | Madeline Peltz | Fox News | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Article | ||
| A Sinclair interview of Trump's new COVID-19 adviser was full of misinformation | Media Matters | Anti-Vaccine, Coronavirus | Oral Statement, Video | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United States of America | 2020-09-15 | Zachary Pleat | Sinclair Broadcast Group | Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | ||
| Trump amplified a bogus QAnon misinformation campaign against the CDC that is now flooding social media | Media Matters | Coronavirus, QAnon | Hashtag, Image, Meme, Misleading Statistics, Text post | False Context | Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter | Facebook Groups, Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-03 | Olivia Little, Alex Kaplan | Amplify: Attack | Article | ||
| How Sinclair Broadcast Group is spreading dangerous coronavirus misinformation to local television news audiences | Media Matters | Coronavirus | Oral Statement, Video | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-07-27 | Zachary Pleat | Sinclair Broadcast Group | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Article | ||
| News outlets give Trump the headlines he wants for vaporware drug executive order | Media Matters | 2020 US Election, Government, Healthcare, Trump | Article, Text post | False Connection, Fabricated Content | Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter | Government Figure, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-09-14 | Matt Gertz | Amplify: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | ||
| A conspiracy theory about West Coast wildfires is flooding Facebook despite the site’s promises to remove misinformation | Media Matters | 2020 California Wildfires, Antifa, QAnon | Hashtag, Image, Imposter Social Media Accounts, Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Screenshot, Text post | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Facebook Groups, Coordinated user action | United States of America | 2020-09-15 | Olivia Little, Alex Kaplan | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack, Produce: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | |||
| Facebook’s big QAnon crackdown might have come too late | The Verge | QAnon | Facebook, Twitter, Reddit | United States of America | 2020-06-20 | Casey Newton | Calibrate: Defend, Position: Attack, Position: Defend | Article | |||||
| The Boogaloo movement has successfully hijacked social networks to spread | The Verge | Boogaloo Movement | Facebook Groups | 2020-06-25 | Casey Newton | Calibrate: Defend, Research: Defend | Article | ||||||
| The Technology 202: Facebook struggles to keep violent 'boogaloo' content off its platform | The Washington Post | 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests, Bill Gates, George Soros, Boogaloo Movement | Facebook Groups, Facebook Algorithm | 2020-06-24 | Tonya Riley, Cat Zakrzewski | Calibrate: Attack, Calibrate: Defend, Research: Defend | Article | ||||||
| A woman inspired by QAnon conspiracy videos was arrested after live-streaming her trip to 'take out' Joe Biden | Insider | 2020 US Election, Clinton, Coronavirus, QAnon | United States of America | 2020-05-01 | Margot Harris | Article | |||||||
| A QAnon conspiracy theory about Oprah Winfrey went so viral that it provoked her to respond, showing the scope of coronavirus misinformation | Insider | QAnon | Facebook, Twitter | Cross Platform Sharing, Coordinated user action, Twitter Algorithm | 2020-03-18 | Kat Tenbarge | Amplify: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | |||||
| Alt-right conspiracy group Q'Anon won't stop believing in its Trump-related prophecies, even after they fail | Insider | Clinton, George Soros, QAnon | *chan, Alternative Media | Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2018-10-10 | Michael Barkun | Research: Defend | Article | ||||
| These influencers and celebrities are spreading debunked coronavirus hoaxes on their massive platforms | Insider | Coronavirus | Screenshot, Text post, Voice Message | Satire or Parody, Fabricated Content | Instagram, Twitter | Please Share Call to Action, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-03-17 | Kat Tenbarge | Amplify: Attack | Article | ||
| QAnon conspiracy theorists are telling people to drink bleach as a cure against the deadly Wuhan coronavirus | Insider | Coronavirus, QAnon, Miracle Mineral Solution | Video | Personal Website, Twitter, YouTube | 2020-01-29 | Tom Porter | Amplify: Attack, Position: Attack | Article | |||||
| Unlicensed medical 'cures' are flourishing in closed Facebook groups, where cancer treatments — and even surgery — are sold beyond the reach of the law | Insider | Healthcare, MMS | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Facebook, Personal Website, YouTube | Facebook Groups | 2019-10-18 | Tom Porter | Position: Attack, Publish: Attack | Article | ||||
| How conspiracy theorists who claim drinking 'MMS' bleach is a cure for autism reached millions of people on YouTube | Business Insider | Anti-Vaccine, Disinformation, Healthcare, MMS | Video | Facebook, YouTube | Cross Platform Sharing, YouTube Algorithm | 2019-05-21 | Tom Porter | Amplify: Attack, Calibrate: Defend | Article | ||||
| British man arrested in Uganda after promoting 'MMS' bleach as a cure for HIV and malaria | Business Insider | Healthcare, MMS | YouTube | Uganda | 2019-05-23 | Tom Porter | Article | ||||||
| How three conspiracy theorists took 'Q' and sparked Qanon | NBC News | Disinformation, QAnon | *chan, Facebook, Reddit, YouTube | Cross Platform Sharing | 2018-08-14 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Position: Attack | Article | |||||
| California Wildfire Suspect Posted About QAnon, Other Conspiracies | HUFFPOST | QAnon, 2018 California Wildfires | United States of America | 2018-10-08 | Sebastian Murdock | Article | |||||||
| Twitter is bringing its ‘read before you retweet’ prompt to all users | The Verge | 2020-09-25 | James Vincent | Amplify: Defend | Article | ||||||||
| ‘Ghostwriter’ Influence Campaign: REPORT Unknown Actors Leverage Website Compromises and Fabricated Content to Push Narratives Aligned with Russian Security Interests | FireEye | Coronavirus, Military, Nato | Article, Inauthentic Documents, Manipulated Image, Screenshot | Imposter Content, Manipulated Content, Fabricated Content | Alternative Media, Inauthentic Website, Compromised Website | Inauthentic Persona, Compromised Account, Inauthentic Account, Targeted Email | Latvia, Lithuania, Poland | 2020-07-29 | Unattributed | Ghostwriter | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Article | |
| Vaccine Proponents Receive Death Threats. Again. | Forbes | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | United States of America | 2019-07-22 | Nina Shapiro | Impact: Aggressor | Article | ||||||
| Anti-Vaxxers Brought Their War to Minnesota—Then Came Measles | WIRED | Anti-Vaccine | United States of America | 2017-05-07 | Megan Molenti | Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||||
| Why Minnesota lost a battle against anti-vaccine campaigners | Vox | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | Oral Statement | In-person | United States of America | 2017-05-16 | Julia Belluz | Research: Aggressor, Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||
| Anti-vaccine group sues Facebook, claims fact-checking is “censorship” | Ars Technica | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | 2020-08-18 | Kate Cox | Calibrate: Aggressor, Amplify: Defender | Article | |||||||
| A call to arms: helping family, friends and communities navigate the COVID-19 infodemic | Nature Research Journal | Coronavirus, Healthcare | 2020-07-02 | Heidi Larson | Research: Defender | Journal Article | |||||||
| Samoa Arrests Anti-Vaccination Activist As Measles Death Toll Rises | NPR | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | Samoa | 2019-12-06 | Merrit Kennedy | Impact: Aggressor, Position: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||||
| Anti-vaccine groups take dangerous online harassment into the real world | NBC News | Anti-Vaccine, Healthcare | Inauthentic Reviews | Fabricated Content | United States of America | 2019-12-06 | Brandy Zadrozny, Erika Edwards | Impact: Aggressor | Article | ||||
| QAnon Key Figure Revealed as Financial Information Security Analyst from New Jersey | Logically | QAnon | *chan, Personal Website | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-09-10 | Unattributed | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Article | |||||
| Conspiracy Theorists Without Borders: How QAnon Mutated In Europe | Logically | QAnon, Reichsbürgerbewegung | Meme, Music | Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | France, Germany, United States of America | 2020-09-24 | Kristina Gildejeva | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor | Article | |||
| Disinformation’s spread: bots, trolls and all of us | Nature Research Journal | 2019-07-24 | Kate Starbird | Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Journal Article | ||||||||
| Twitter is testing how its misinformation labels can be more obvious, direct | Reuters | 2020 US Election, Coronavirus | Twitter Algorithm | 2020-10-06 | Elizabeth Culliford | Amplify: Defender | Article | ||||||
| This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook | Buzzfeed News | Clinton, Trump, 2016 US Election | Article | Satire or Parody, Fabricated Content | Facebook Algorithm | 2016-11-16 | Craig Silverman | Burrard Street Journal, Conservative State, Ending the Fed | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Article | |||
| YouTube bans QAnon, other conspiracy content that targets individuals | NBC News | QAnon | Video | YouTube | YouTube Algorithm | 2020-10-15 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Impact: Aggressor, Amplify: Defender | Article | ||||
| The Danger of Overstating the Impact of Information Operations | Lawfare | 2020-10-23 | Yochai Benkler | Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||||||
| As Local News Dies, a Pay-for-Play Network Rises in Its Place | New York Times | 2020 US Election, Elections, Government | Article | Alternative Media | United States of America | 2020-10-18 | Davey Alba, Jack Nicas | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Article | ||||
| Democrats Are Launching “News” Outlets to Turn Swing-State Voters Against Trump | Vice News | 2020 US Election, Elections | Article, Inauthentic Reporting | Alternative Media | United States of America | 2019-07-24 | David Uberti | Position: Aggressor | Article | ||||
| How a fake persona laid the groundwork for a Hunter Biden conspiracy deluge | NBC News | 2020 US Election | Inauthentic Documents | *chan, Alternative Media, Facebook, Personal Website, Reddit, Twitter | Inauthentic Persona, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-10-29 | Ben Collins, Brandy Zadrozny | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Article | ||||
| ‘#OperationBlockTheBus’: Inside the Pro-Trump FB Group Where Biden Bus Convoy Was Organized | Snopes | 2020 US Election, QAnon | Facebook Groups | United States of America | 2020-11-02 | Unattributed | Impact: Aggressor | Fact Check | |||||
| Winston Churchill waged war on paper over 'fake news' photo caption | The Guardian | Disinformation, Government | Government Figure | United Kingdom | 2020-08-09 | Jamie Doward | Produce: Aggressor | Article | |||||
| Zoom lied to users about end-to-end encryption for years, FTC says | Ars Technica | Corporate Inauthenticity | Article, Inauthentic Advertisement | Manipulated Content | Company Website | 2020-11-09 | Jon Brodkin | Publish: Aggressor, Publish: Defender | Article | ||||
| Steve Bannon Caught Running a Network of Misinformation Pages on Facebook | Gizmodo | 2020 US Election | Facebook Groups, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-10-11 | Whitney Kimball | Position: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Position: Defender | Article | |||||
| Microsoft: ‘please do not blow vape smoke into your Xbox Series X’ | The Verge | Products | Video | Manipulated Content | 2020-11-11 | Chaim Gartenberg | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Article | |||||
| The different forms of COVID-19 misinformation and their consequences | Harvard Kennedy School | Coronavirus | Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | United States of America | 2020-11-16 | Adam Enders, Casey Klofstad, Joseph Uscinski, Justin Stoler | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Amplify: Defender | Journal Article | |||||
| Delusional COVID Truthers Try to Invade Hospital Where This Mom Died Too Soon | Daily Beast | Coronavirus | United States of America | 2020-11-18 | Michael Daly | Impact: Aggressor | Article | ||||||
| A QAnon Mom Is Accused Of Killing A Man After She Believed He Was Keeping Her Children From Her | Buzzfeed News | QAnon | United States of America | 2020-11-18 | Tasneem Nashrulla | Impact: Aggressor | Article | ||||||
| Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence | Plos One | Climate Crisis | 2017-05-05 | John Cook, Stephan Lewandowsky, Ullrich Ecker | Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | |||||||
| An AI tool can distinguish between a conspiracy theory and a true conspiracy | Nieman Lab | Pizzagate | *chan, Reddit | 2020-11-16 | Timothy Tangherlini | Position: Defender, Produce: Defender | Article | ||||||
| USING AI IN THE WAR AGAINST FAKE NEWS | Mike Walsh | Pizzagate | 2020-08-27 | Mike Walsh, Timothy Tangherlini | Produce: Defender, Publish: Defender | Audio / Podcast | |||||||
| Dissecting the #PizzaGate Conspiracy Theories | New York Times | Pizzagate | *chan, Facebook, Reddit, Twitter, YouTube | 2016-12-10 | Cecilia Kang, Gregor Aisch, Jon Huang | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Article | ||||||
| The disinformation system that Trump unleashed will outlast him. Here’s what reality-based journalists must do about it. | The Washington Post | 2020 US Election, Trump | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | United States of America | 2020-11-22 | Margaret Sullivan | Publish: Defender, Amplify: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||
| QAnon's Dominion voter fraud conspiracy theory reaches the president | NBC News | 2020 US Election, QAnon | Alternative Media, Twitter | 2020-11-13 | Ben Collins | Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor | Article | ||||||
| How Steve Bannon and a Chinese Billionaire Created a Right-Wing Coronavirus Media Sensation | New York Times | 2020 US Election, Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare | Article, Inauthentic Reporting, Video | Alternative Media, Facebook, Instagram, Mainstream Media Reporting, Twitter, YouTube, Parler, Podcast | Inauthentic Post Amplification, Inauthentic Account, Mainstream Media, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-11-20 | Amy Qin, Danny Hakim, Vivian Wang | Research: Aggressor, Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Position: Defender, Publish: Defender, Amplify: Defender | Article | ||||
| Designed to Deceive: Do These People Look Real to You? | New York Times | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts | Fabricated Content | Inauthentic Persona | 2020-11-21 | Jeremy White, Kashmir Hill | Position: Defender | Article | |||||
| How fake faces are being weaponized online | CNN | Human Rights Activists, Trump | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Text post | Fabricated Content | Facebook, Twitter | Inauthentic Account | 2020-02-20 | Donnie O'Sullivan | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Article | |||
| Neither youth nor maturity makes you immune to misinformation | SunSentinel | 2020-11-20 | Carol McCarthy | Research: Defender | Article | ||||||||
| Hundreds dead' because of Covid-19 misinformation | BBC News | Coronavirus, Miracle Mineral Solution | 2020-08-12 | Alistair Coleman | Impact: Aggressor | Article | |||||||
| Telegram Still Hasn’t Removed an AI Bot That’s Abusing Women | WIRED | Deepfake | Manipulated Content | Telegram | 2020-11-18 | Matt Burgess | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Publish: Defender | Article | |||||
| How a Terror Group Recruited Budding Neo-Nazis | Vice News | White Supremacy | Telegram, iFunny | 2020-11-24 | Ben Makuch, Mack Lamoureux, Zachary Kamel | The Base | Research: Aggressor, Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Article | |||||
| Neo-Nazi Terror Groups Are Using iFunny to Recruit | Vice News | White Supremacy | Meme, Video | iFunny, Telegram | 2019-11-14 | Mack Lamoureux, Zachary Kamel | Position: Aggressor | Article | |||||
| Quick D: UFO on the Moon | Captain Disillusion | Video | Fabricated Content | 2020-01-03 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor | Video | ||||||
| Hundreds dead' because of Covid-19 misinformation | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | Coronavirus, Miracle Mineral Solution | 2020-08-12 | Alistair Coleman | Impact: Aggressor | Article | |||||||
| Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation | BBC News | 5G, Coronavirus, White Supremacy | Text post | Facebook, Government Figure, Twitter, YouTube | Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-05-27 | Marianna Spring | Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||
| How I talk to the victims of conspiracy theories | BBC News | Coronavirus, Government, Healthcare, QAnon | 2020-11-01 | Marianna Spring | Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Article | |||||||
| Quick D: Gyro Drop | Captain Disillusion | Video | Manipulated Content | Twitter, YouTube | 2019-10-04 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Video | |||||
| Mr. Flare Explains: The Virgin Mary | Captain Disillusion | Video | Manipulated Content | 2018-12-12 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Video | ||||||
| Marble Sorting Machine DEBUNK | Captain Disillusion | Video | Fabricated Content | Facebook, YouTube | 2018-06-28 | Alan Melikdjanian, Captain Disillusion | Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor | Video | |||||
| The Kraken: What is it and why has Trump's ex-lawyer released it? | BBC News, BBC Reality Check | 2020 US Election, QAnon | 2020-11-28 | Unattributed | Amplify: Aggressor | Article | |||||||
| Brave New War | The Atlantic | Government, Military | 2015-12-29 | Peter Pomerantsev | Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | |||||||
| Local Green Group Actually a Front for Far-Right Activists | Vice News | Climate Crisis, White Supremacy | In-person, Instagram, Telegram, Twitter | 2020-10-27 | https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wkk7/generation-identity-uk-local-matters-far-right | Position: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Article | ||||||
| Vaccine rumours debunked: Microchips, 'altered DNA' and more | BBC Reality Check | Anti-Vaccine, Bill Gates, Coronavirus, Healthcare | Image, Meme, Video | False Connection, Misleading Content, False Context | Facebook, TikTok | 2020-12-02 | Flora Carmichael, Jack Goodman | Produce: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||
| Man who believed virus was hoax loses wife to Covid-19 | BBC News | 5G, Coronavirus, Government | 2020-08-24 | Marianna Spring | Impact: Aggressor | Article | |||||||
| How Misinformation ‘Superspreaders’ Seed False Election Theories | New York Times | 2020 US Election, Elections | Hashtag, Image, Text post, Video | Facebook, Twitter | Facebook Algorithm, Government Figure, Public Figure / Celebrity | 2020-11-23 | Sheera Frenkel | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Article | ||||
| Facebook Knows That Adding Labels To Trump’s False Claims Does Little To Stop Their Spread | Buzzfeed News | 2020 US Election, Elections | Facebook, Twitter | 2020-11-16 | Craig Silverman, Ryan Mac | Amplify: Defender, Impact: Defender | Article | ||||||
| The Making of a YouTube Radical | New York Times | Feminism, White Supremacy, Redpilling | Video | YouTube | YouTube Algorithm | 2019-06-08 | Kevin Roose | Amplify: Aggressor, Calibrate: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Amplify: Defender | Article | ||||
| From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were “Red-Pilled” | Bellingcat | Redpilling, White Supremacy, 2016 US Election | Meme, Text post, Video | *chan, Reddit, YouTube, Discord | Public Figure / Celebrity, YouTube Algorithm | 2018-10-11 | Robert Evans | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Research: Defender | Article | ||||
| How Technology Helped Martin Luther Change Christianity | NPR | White Supremacy, Religion | Article | 2016-11-20 | Tom Gjelten | Amplify: Aggressor | Article | ||||||
| 1920-21 | Exposing the ‘Protocols’ as a Fraud | New York Times | Anti-Semitism, White Supremacy, 2016 US Election | Article | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Mainstream Media Reporting | Mainstream Media | 2016-10-27 | David Dunlap | Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor | Article | |||
| Prebunking interventions based on “inoculation” theory can reduce susceptibility to misinformation across cultures | Harvard Kennedy School | Imposter Content, Fabricated Content | Inauthentic Social Media Accounts, Twitter | Bot Account, Inauthentic Post Amplification | 2020-01-01 | Jon Roozenbeek, Sander van der Linden, Thomas Nygren | Position: Aggressor, Produce: Aggressor, Publish: Aggressor, Amplify: Aggressor, Impact: Aggressor, Impact: Defender | Journal Article | |||||
| Article Title | Source | Content Context | Content Type | Disinformation Type | Dissemination Platform | Amplification Method | Geography | Article Publish Date | Article Author | Aggressor | Influence Cycle Stage | Type |